<p>The Britt Place, a log cabin located in Glenmora, Louisiana, was built in 1867. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The house was started as a one-room cabin in 1867, built of half-round logs with notching. The walls have since been chinked with gray plaster. It was expanded with four small frame rooms in 1868. It was updated in the 1920s and expanded with four more rooms in the 1940s, creating an "L"-shape.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the house was deemed "significant in the area of exploration and settlement because it embodies the beginnings of settlement in the vicinity of present-day Glenmora. The home was begun in 1867 by Webster VanBuren Britt, the first man to permanently settle in the area. It is presently owned and lived in by his granddaughter, Frances Britt Irvine. The Old Britt Place is by far the oldest structure in the vicinity and is an important local tie with the past. Moreover, the house still conveys a sense of pioneer beginnings with its log walls, small rooms and low ceilings."</p><br>
<p>The Bennett Plantation House in Alexandria, Louisiana was built in 1854. The house and associated store building were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Their current or former location is or was east of Alexandria on Hwy 71 between Cheneyville and Bunkie. The house was moved in June 2006 to its current location.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination describes:The commercial significance of the Bennett place lies in the fact that it was part of the important Bayou Boeuf navigation trade with New Orleans. The owner, Ezra Bennett, acted as local agent for New Orleans cotton factors, making the store an important commercial focal point for local planters. Ezra Bennett came to Eldreds Bend on Bayou Boeuf from New York in 1830.He came to teach school, either as a private tutor in a village or as a resident at some plantation. The rich land of thearea had been settled comparatively recently and Bayou "Boeuf provided access to the outspLde world-for the planters produce. The first store at Eldreds Bend had been built by Joseph B. Robert. Soon after Bennett&#39;s arrival in the area, he gave up his career as an educator and worked as a clerk in the store. Somewhat later, he was able to buy the store from Robert, making six yearly payments. Ezra Bennett, who was known for his thrift, expanded the business and became an agent for factors in New Orleans. Bennett kept careful records and copies of all his business letters. Most of his business was done with New Orleans factors, though he also had dealings with lawyers and people from his native New York. Apparently, Bennett prospered and became an important businessman in the area. In 1860, J. W. Dorr, a Picayune reporter travpling through the state, reported that Ezra Bennett was one of the outstanding citizens of the parish."</p><br>
<p>Bentley Hotel, usually known as the Hotel Bentley, is a classic Renaissance-stylel hotel located near City Hall in downtown Alexandria in central Louisiana. Built by the timber baron Joseph Bentley, it opened to the public in 1908. On November 15, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was once owned by the Pineville real estate developer Buddy Tudor, who worked for its historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>Former owner Robert G. "Bob" Dean, Jr., of Baton Rouge closed the hotel in December 2004 and placed it on the market, at one time asking $12 million. The current owner, Michael Jenkins, purchased the facility for $3.4 million on October 11, 2012; The Bentley had been listed for $6.5 million. Jenkins has now reopened the renovated hotel with a hundred available rooms. The newer part of the structure, the seven-story tower, has been converted into condominiums; while the older section remains a hotel. The Bentley Room restaurant and Mirror Room lounge have also been reopened.</p><br>
<p>An area inside the Main Lobby has also been utilized to create a World War II exhibit, which showcases many items of memorabilia from the war. Hotel Bentley was significant to World War II because of the famous Louisiana Maneuvers which were conducted nearby. Notable military leaders visiting the area during that time included General Patton, Omar Bradley, Joseph Stilwell and Dwight Eisenhower among others. Many of these headquartered at Hotel Bentley.</p><br>
<p>Nearby in the riverfront district is the 7-story Alexander Fulton Hotel and Convention Center.</p><br>
<p>The Commercial Building in Alexandria, Virginia, home of the Commercial Bank and Trust Company after it was built in 1915, is a historic commercial building located at the corner of Third Street and Johnston Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It is seven stories tall and was the city&#39;s first skyscraper. It was designed by architect W.L. Stevens. In 1978 it was still the second tallest building in Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed notable as "a good representative example of the early phase of the American skyscraper which was developed in</p><br>
<p>Chicago in the 1880&#39;s. The Commercial Building is the only such example in Alexandria" and one of only four in the northern part of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Fort Randolph was built in late 1864 by Confederate force as a defense against an expected third invasion by Union forces of the Louisiana Red River Valley in 1865. The fort was named for Captain Chistopher M. Randolph who was in charge of its construction.</p><br>
<p>After the 1864 Red River Campaign, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, realized the need for fortifications along the Red River that could prevent Union naval vessels from ascending the river past Alexandria Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The fort had an outer ditch and central earthen citadel with gun positions, magazine, and bombproof shelters for the garrison. It is estimated that the fort held from 4 to 8 guns. It was built in tandem with Fort Buhlow (located just to the north of Fort Randolph). It was sited on a hill overlooking the rapides in the Red River then in existence and the remains of Bailey&#39;s Dam which had been built in May 1864. The fort was built mainly by free Negroes and slaves who were conscripted to provide labor. Confederate soldiers from units stationed in the area also contributed to the construction so that the fort would be completed before the start of the campaigning season in the spring of 1865.</p><br>
<p>The fort was not involved in any action during the American Civil War. The fort was surrendered to Union forces on June 3, 1865.</p><br>
<p>The United Daughters of the Confederacy held a ceremony to place markers at Forts Randolph and Buhlow in October 1927.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 1, 1981.</p><br>
<p>Fort Randolph became part of the Forts Randolph and Buhlow State Historic Site in November 2010.</p><br>
<p>The James Beach Clow House is a historic house in northern Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in North Sewickley Township near the community of Ellwood City, the house is a rare surviving example of 19th-century Greek Revival farmhouses in Beaver County.</p><br>
<p>The Clow House was built circa 1830 by War of 1812 veteran James Beach Clow, a native of Pitt Township in Allegheny County, upon land that he bought in 1821. A leading man in his community, Clow served as justice of the peace in eastern Beaver County in 1830. Besides his position as a "gentleman farmer", Clow was an industrialist, holding a share in a sawmill near his farm. He sold the property to his son Samuel in 1844, but continued to live in the house until his death ten years later. Although the house remained Samuel&#39;s home until his death in 1893, it was also a dormitory for students attending a school across the road during most of the 1870s. After the deaths of Samuel and his widow, the property passed through several different owners before farming ended in 1950.</p><br>
<p>Besides the house, early buildings on the property include an original outhouse and a spring house. The property also included an early barn and miscellaneous multi-purpose building, but these two structures were removed in 1959. Today, the house lies along Chapel Drive southeast of Ellwood City; its prominent hilltop location makes it visible to the south and east to a distance of several miles. Although a modern residential subdivision is located along Chapel immediately to the north of the Clow property, it retains much of its historic integrity amid a primarily rural setting. This places it in contrast with most period wooden Greek Revival farmhouses in rural Beaver and Lawrence counties: nearly all surviving examples of this type of architecture have been heavily modified. Only one other Greek Revival house in Beaver County is listed on the Register — the William B. Dunlap Mansion in the borough of Bridgewater in the central part of the county — and the countys only other 19th-century farmhouse on the Register is the David Littell House in the countys far south.</p><br>
<p>The Heermance Farmhouse is a historic structure in the town of Red Hook, New York, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and is an example of an intact 18th-century Dutch stone farmhouse in the Hudson Valley region of the state. It is one of only about six standing stone houses in the town, and possibly its oldest building. The farmhouse is noted for its distinct decorative features and lack of modern alterations.</p><br>
<p>The building is situated on the north side of West Kerley Corners Road (County Route 78), west of USA Route 9. The date of construction is unclear, but is likely between 1725 and 1750. The structure was initially built as a simple two-room residence, but ca. 1772, it was expanded and renovated to include its unusual features. After 1800, the house received few major changes. The Heermance Farmouse had several owners over the years, but has always been part of a working farm. A restoration was performed during the 1970s, with care to preserve the original character of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Longyear Building is a commercial structure located at 210 North Front Street in Marquette, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Munro Longyear was born in 1850 to of Lansing attorney and USA Congressman John W. Longyear. John M. left school at age fifteen and worked at a variety of jobs coming to Marquette in 1873. Between 1873 and 1878, Longyear assessed the value of timber and mineral resources on land throughout the Upper Peninsula for a variety of clients. In 1878 the Lake Superior Ship Canal, Railway and</p><br>
<p>Iron Company hired him as a land agent to assess the land they had been granted. Soon Frederick Ayer, the controlling partner of the company, hired Longyear to find and buy land for his personal investment, offering Longyear half interest in the land. Through this and similar partnerships, Longyear amassed a large amount of land that he personally controlled. In 1890, he branched into mining interests, as well as timber and financial investments.</p><br>
<p>Longyear was also elected as mayor of Marquette in 1890 and 1891, and supported numerous philanthropies in the city. However, in 1900 the city of Marquette supported plans to build a railroad line along the shoreline in front of the Longyear home, and Longyear moved both his family and his mansion to Brookline, Massachusetts. The Longyear business was still headquartered in Marquette, and Longyear would often travel back and forth.</p><br>
<p>By 1915, Longyears staff in Marquette was outgrowing their offices in the Marquette National Bank Building. Longyear decided to construct his own office building, and purchased a lot, then occupied by a boarding house, on the corner of Front and Bluff Streets. He hired the architectural firm of Charlton and Kuenzli to design the office building and John Simon Wahlman as a general contractor. Construction of the Longyear Building began in late spring 1916 and the structure was complete by early 1917. The structure included ground level retail space, accessed from Bluff Street, general and private offices for Longyears firm on the first floor, and three suites of rooms on the second floor. These were used by John Longyear himself, his business guests, and a caretaker.</p><br>
<p>John Longyear continued to use the building until his death in 1922. His estate was divided into three companies: Longyear Corporation, Longyear Estate, Inc., and Longyear Realty Corporation, which were controlled by Longyears wife Mary, their children, and Longyears sister. However, the various holdings of these companies fluctuated in value through the twentieth century, as mining, timber, and land interest became more or less valuable. In 1951/52 Longyear Corporation and Longyear Estate, Inc. were folded into Longyear Realty Corporation, and in turn in 1964 a new limited partnership called J. M. Longyear Heirs was formed to manage Longyear Realty and other holdings. Throughout this time the Longyear companies continued to use this building.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, JML Heirs, LLC, a company founded by John Munroe Longyear, undertook an extensive renovation of the building. The company has its corporate offices in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Longyear Building is a two story rectangular Tudor Revival brick office building with a flat roof. The building lot is sloped, so that the ground floor is below grade at one end and fully exposed, with a street level entrance and storefront</p><br>
<p>windows, at the other end. A small 2001 addition at one end houses an elevator. The building sits on a conscrete foundation, and the basement level is clad in stucco. The remainder of the exterior walls are brownish brick backed by hollow clay tile. The two main facades have extensive Indiana Limestone trim for the water table, belt courses, window trim with quoins, decorative cartouches, and Tudor arch main entrance. A decorative copper cornice is located above the storefront windows and doorway on one end.</p><br>
<p>The main facade contains the entryway to the Longyear offices on the first floor level. The entry is recessed, and accessed through a limestone Tudor arch with a rectangular hoodmold. Surrounding windows on the first floor are asymmetrically arranged and grouped in pairs and threes. The second floor is separated into three shallow bays. There are single windows in each of the end bays and a triple window in the center. A parapet wall encircles the top of the building.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, there is a vestibule with original terrazzo floor, with double door leading to a short hall with the main staircase and the entrance to the Longyear offices. The lower floor houses rental space accessed by the Bluff Street entrance and storage, mechanical equipment room, break room, and restrooms for the Longyear Company. The first floor contains the Longyear Company offices, which are arranged along a central corridor. The space includes primarily offices, and also a reception area, work room, conference room, and vault. The doors, sidelights, transoms, door trim, and window trim along the central corridor are almost all original to the construction of the building. The second floor of the building, which is now leased as office space, is similar in plan to the first floor. The second floor was originally constructed as apartments, but were converted to offices space in the late 1960s, apparently without a major change to the floor plan. A small flight of stairs leads from the second floor up to the attic, which is used for storage.</p><br>
<p>West Mata is a submarine volcano at 1,100 meters depth located 200 km southwest of the Samoas. Its eruptions are currently the deepest observed.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>West Mata is located just west of the north end of the Tonga Ridge where the Tonga Trench makes a sharp turn to the west. It is in the NE Lau Basin about 35 km east of the Lau spreading center and about 70 km northeast of the currently erupting NE Lau spreading center. The Research Vessel Thompson surveyed the area during November 2008 and May 2009. In November 2008, the researchers detected a plume of material over West Mata which indicated likely erupting lava flows and/or pyroclastic materials. The sulfur and iron rich plume contained mineral and/or glass shards. The shard compositions indicated that the erupted material was boninite (an olivine-bronzite andesite with little or no feldspar) which had never been observed from an active volcano.</p><br>
<p>On 6–7 May 2009, the Jason 2 ROV (remotely operated vehicle) was used to observe eruptions from two vents of the linear West Mata peak, Prometheus (at or near the summit) and Hades (slightly to the SW). The Hades vent was erupting both effusively and explosively at the same time on both days (6–7 May). Small bursts were occurring at one end of an erupting fissure ~ 5 m long at a depth of 1,208 m, while pillow lavas were being extruded from the other end. By the next night (7 May) the activity had become more vigorous, sometimes blowing glowing bubbles as much as a meter across from the fissure.</p><br>
<h2>Filming</h2><br>
<p>On December 17, 2009, NOAA released motion video and still imagery of the submarine volcano erupting. The footage was taken in May 2009 by the American Jason remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV).</p><br>
<p>Lake San Cristobal is a lake in the USA state of Colorado. Located in the San Juan Mountains at an elevation of 9,003 ft, the freshwater lake is 2.1 mi long, up to 89 ft deep, has a surface area of 0.52 square miles, and holds about 11,000 acre.ft of water. The town of Lake City, a few miles to the north, is named after Lake San Cristobal. The name San Cristóbal means Saint Christopher in the Spanish language. Many old silver mines are near the lake and it is very clean and well kept, and stocked with Rainbow Trout.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Lake San Cristobal was formed about 700 years ago when the first Slumgullion Earthflow, a natural landslide, created a dam across the Lake Fork of the Gunnison River. Natural landslide dams are usually short-lived, but some have been known to fail after long periods—131 years in the case of Lake Yashinkul in the former Soviet Union. This prompted the United States Geological Survey to investigate the possibility that the Lake San Cristobal dam might fail. Based on its non-porous composition and the fact that part of the dams natural spillway is actually cut into bedrock and not the material deposited by the landslide, the USGS concluded the dam stable. Sediments washing down via the Lake Fork and Slumgullion Creek are slowly filling in the lake, but are not expected to affect the dams stability. If sedimentation continues at the past rate, the lake will have completely filled with sediment in about 2,500 years.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the USGS studied Lake San Cristobal as a possible site for an artificial embankment dam. Such a dam would have been built near the present outlet and spanned the entire valley. This was rejected out of the concern that the upper, active part of the Slumgullion Earthflow could one day reach the dam site, and the possibility that the added pore pressure of the deeper water could reactivate the lower part of the slide. Minor adjustments to the lake level have been made over the years. Hinsdale County constructed a small rock and wooden dam at the lake outlet in 1954, but it began to deteriorate by the 1970s. As of 2009, the water level is controlled by the seasonal addition and removal of boulders at the lake outlet. The county has proposed a modification of the outlet structure which would allow the controlled storage and release of up to 960 acre.ft water. According to an analysis submitted to the county, this will have a similar effect on the lake level as the previous practice.</p><br>
<p>Dundee Lodge is a farm with several buildings built in the 1920s located near Gaston in the USA state of Oregon. The rustic property in rural Washington County was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Also known as the Dee Brook Farm , the property contains three buildings designed by E. E. Green.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fred and Esther Dundee House was constructed in 1921 by Albert McCloud. Fred A. Dundee owned a machine shop in Portland, Oregon, and had the log cabin built for himself. Known as the Fred Dundee Motor Car Repair and Machine Works, it was located on Broadway at Flanders, and had been on Jefferson Street. Dundee had previously been a race car driver around the turn of the century. He raced cars from the White Motor Company.</p><br>
<p>The -story home was designed by E. E. Green and was designed for a rustic look. Also designed by Green, the lodge served as a hotel. On June 6, 1985, the farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places, listed as Dundee Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>Located in the foothills of the Northern Oregon Coast Range, the farm is on Dundee Road northwest of the city of Gaston near Henry Hagg Lake in the western part of the county. All three of the buildings on the farm were designed by E. E. Green in a rustic style. The -story structures were all built around 1921 and featuring primarily round logs for the exterior. The buildings also used brick on the exterior. This creates a log cabin look for the symmetrical U shaped main building. The interior leaves the round logs exposed, with some wood paneling and a brick fireplace.</p><br>
<p>Moukhtara  is a small town in the Chouf District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate of Lebanon. The towns inhabitants are mostly Druze, with a Christian minority. It is the hometown of Walid Jumblatt, the leader of Lebanons Progressive Socialist Party.</p><br>
<p>It is also an ancient archaeological site, excavated in 1963 by Jacques Cauvin who found an abundance of flint tools. Examinations were conducted on 378 artifacts with finds including daggers, arrowheads, sickles, axes, chisels, picks and awls traced to the Neolithic horizon. James Mellaart suggested that Heavy Neolithic tools and weapons found at the site were "not associated with pottery, and possibly earlier than the Pottery Neolithic of Byblos."</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Cauvin, J., "The Neolithic Moukhtara (South Lebanon)," L&#39;Anthropologie, 67, 1963, p. 489-511. (1963)</p><br>
<p>Cauvin, J. et Cauvin, M.-C., Des ateliers campigniens au Liban, in Mélanges R. Vaufrey, La préhistoire, problèmes et tendances. Paris, Éditions du CNRS, p. 103-116. (1968)</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>2–18 St Werburgh Street is a terrace consisting of a bank, shops and offices on the east side of St Werburgh Street and the north side of Eastgate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. The terrace is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1890s, the Chester City Council decided to widen St Werburgh Street, which leads from Eastgate Street to Chester Cathedral, and arranged for the demolition of a row of old shops on its east side. The council intended to sell the vacant land in separate lots, but Chester architect John Douglas bought the entire length of the east side of the street and planned to create a series of buildings in a unified architectural design. Douglas originally intended to construct the buildings in stone with brick diapering in Gothic style. However, he was persuaded by the Duke of Westminster to include black-and-white half-timbering in his design. The terrace was constructed around 1895–97 at a cost of over £17,000 (equivalent to £ in ). The building at the south end, on the corner of Eastgate Street, was the first to be occupied. It was acquired by the Bank of Liverpool, and the other units were used as shops. Twelve years after Douglas&#39; death, a commemorative plaque was placed on the St Werburgh Street side of the bank by some of his former pupils and assistants.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The terrace is constructed in three storeys, plus attics, with roofs of green Westmorland slate. There is one bay facing Eastgate Street and nine bays along St Werburgh Street. The ground floor of the bank is built in yellow sandstone on a granite plinth; the piers between the shops are in sandstone. The upper storeys are all half-timbered. The Eastgate Street face of the bank has a four-light mullioned and transomed window with a basket arch on the ground floor. On the first floor is a five-light oriel window, above this is a six-light window with casements and the whole is surmounted by a gable with a carved bargeboard. Set at an angle on the corner between the streets is the doorway with a moulded basket arch over which are three ogee arches. Curving round the corner on the first floor is a three-light window.</p><br>
<p>Along St Werburgh Street, the first five ground floor bays are in stone, and the rest have modern shop fronts. The first floor has a variety of windows, some of them oriels; the second floor also has windows; these are in plainer design. Between the first and second floors is a carved bressummer. The whole front is topped by eleven gables of varying sizes. At the north end of the terrace is a turret with an octagonal spire surmounted by a lead finial with a weathervane. Rising from the roof are brick decorated chimney stacks. The upper storeys display "an unbroken expanse of gorgeously ornamented half-timber", and include carvings of Norman earls, saints (including St Werburgh), and Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Critique</h2><br>
<p>Douglas biographer Edward Hubbard considered that in this piece of work, Chesters "half-timber revival reached its very apogee." In the Buildings of England series, Pevsner and Hubbard state "The composition is Douglas at his best (though also at his showiest)." It is "undoubtedly Douglas&#39;s greatest work in Chester and the high point of the Victorian black and white revival in the city."</p><br>
<p>The Albertus Van Loon House  is one of the oldest extant buildings in New York State. It is located in Athens, New York at 85 North Washington Street . It is inside the "Village of Athens Multiple Resource Area ".</p><br>
<p>It was built by Albertus Van Loon, who was one of eight children of Jan Van Loon.</p><br>
<p>Jan was the earliest European settler to the area, and gave the settlement its first name: Loonenburg. Only one wall of Jan Van Loons house still stands nearby, at 39 South Washington Street. Albertus house is in what was called the Upper Village. The house is rectangular with 1.5 stories with stone walls, although a gambrel roof was added between 1775&ndash;1800. After Albertus died in 1754, the Van Loon family lived in the house for three generations and moved out in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Albertus Van Loon helped the town grow by being one of those who donated land for the Zion Lutheran Church (Athens, New York).</p><br>
<p>Verecke Pass or Veretsky Pass  is a mountain pass in Ukraine, one of the most important passes of the Inner Eastern Carpathian Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The pass is located in the Carpathian Mountains just where the oblasts of Lviv and Transcarpathia meet, on the spine of the Northeastern Carpathians, between the Latorica or Latorytsia and Opir river valleys and at the river divide or watershed between the Latorytsia and the Stryi. It has an elevation of 841 meters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass has been well-traveled for more than a millennium. In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin and during the next century established the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1241 the main army of the Mongols crossed the pass into the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1703, when Francis Rákóczi II came back from exile at Berezhany Castle in present-day Ukraine, he traveled across Verecke Pass into the Hungarian Plain to assume leadership in an anti-Habsburg uprising which became known as Rákóczi&#39;s War of Independence. In 1914 during the First World War the pass saw heavy fighting between Austrian-Hungarian troops and those of Tsarist Russia. During World War II the pass was the scene of further battles; the remains of the defensive fortifications of so-called the Árpád Line can still be seen today. Since 1980 the pass has been bypassed by major highways.</p><br>
<p>The pass is also memorable in Ukrainian history because in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, it was the site of a mass murder of some 600 Ukrainian partisans, the Carpathian Sich (Карпа́тська Січ, Karpatska Sich), who had been fighting against Hungarian and Polish forces.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Hungarian government received permission from the Ukrainian government to install a monument to the passing of the Hungarian peoples into the future Hungary (in 895). The monument was designed by Ukrainian sculptor Petro Matl (Петро Матл) from Mukachevo.</p><br>
<p>American Chicle Company Building is located in the Gert Town neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The New Orleans Chamber of Commerce started campaigning for a chewing gum factory in the city in 1900. Points in favor of New Orleans as a good location for such a factory included being USA&#39;s leading port of commerce with Latin America, so much chicle was already shipped through there, and large quantities of sugar are grown and refined in Louisiana. (New York Times, 19 Oct 1900)</p><br>
<p>The American Chicle Company built the building as a branch factory, which opened production in 1911.</p><br>
<p>After the gum factory closed, the building housed a box factory and an automotive parts warehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The area flooded in the 2005 levee failure disaster during Hurricane Katrina. After remaining vacant for years, the building was refurbished as an office building in 2008-2009, and now houses the headquarters of Landis Construction Company.</p><br>
<p>The General Beauregard Equestrian Statue, honoring P. G. T. Beauregard, was located in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The statue, by Alexander Doyle, was officially unveiled in 1915.</p><br>
<p>It was at the intersection of Carrollton Avenue and Esplanade Avenue at the main entrance to City Park, on Beauregard Circle. The statue was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Removal</h2><br>
<p>On June 24, 2015, New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu acknowledged the impact of the June 2015 Charleston church shooting, and after talking with New Orleans jazz ambassador and lover Wynton Marsalis, Landrieu called for the removal of several city memorials to Confederate slaveholders.</p><br>
<p>As part of a sixty-day period for public comment, two city commissions accepted the Mayor&#39;s call for the removal of four monuments associated with the Confederacy, including statues of Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis and Beauregard, and an obelisk commemorating the Battle of Liberty Place. Governor Bobby Jindal opposed the removals.</p><br>
<p>On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-to-1 to remove the Gen. Beauregard Statue, along with three other historical monuments built 100 to 135 years ago. Mayor Landrieu announced that the removal of the monuments would happen within days.</p><br>
<p>The statue&#39;s removal began on May 16, 2017, and was completed on May 17.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob P. Mesick House is located on Van Wyck Lane in Claverack, New York, United States. It is a wooden house in the Greek Revival architectural style built in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>It is a strong example of that style in the region that has remained intact since its construction, with its original front facade restored in the early 20th century. Jacob Mesick, its builder and first resident, was a prosperous local farmer who later went into politics. The house has remained in family hands. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Mesick House is on a rise above Van Wyck Lane, at the west end of a 79 acre parcel with several other buildings on it, none of them contributing to its historic character. Shaw Bridge (now closed), also listed on the Register, is to the south along the street, crossing Claverack Creek a short distance east of NY 23/9H, the main north-south through route through Claverack. The land crosses the creek to an area of cultivated fields in the east.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-story, five-by-five-bay clapboard-sided frame structure on a stone foundation topped with a hipped roof pierced by four brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival main entrance, a paneled door also with sidelights and transom, opens into a wide center hall with stair. The walls have their original French print wall covering. On either side the large parlors, and the small rooms behind them, retain all their original finishes as well. An archway connects the front and back rooms on the north.</p><br>
<p>The outbuildings are located near the main house. South of it is a modern garage. To the east are the other two, a pole barn and barn/apartment. All are of modern construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land was originally part of the Van Buren family holdings. It later passed to the van Rensselaers, and from them Jacobus Delamater bought it in 1785. He, in turn, sold it to Mesick in 1831.</p><br>
<p>Mesick built a prosperous farm on the lot, which led to the house&#39;s construction around 1840. It is one of the few Greek Revival buildings in Claverack, showing the adaptation of that style into the local architectural tradition. Its level of decoration, symmetry and massing are strong and distinctive aspects of the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Later in his career Mesick served in the state assembly. From him it passed to his son, the grandson. It remains in the family.</p><br>
<p>During the later 19th century, the original colonnade was replaced with a full-length front porch. In the early 20th century, the original entrance was restored in keeping with the Colonial Revival movement of the era. Later, slight modifications include the archway added on the first floor and the removal of the original oven and firebox pump from the kitchen in the mid-century.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan Bell and Western Electric Warehouse is a former commercial warehouse building located at 882 Oakman Boulevard  in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. It is now known as the NSO Bell Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, Western Electric and Michigan Bell shared a building on Detroit&#39;s east side, where Western Electric stored and distributed equipment, and Michigan Bell housed and serviced their vehicles. That building proved too small, Michigan Bell used the west side of the first floor as a garage, and the third and sixth floors as maintenance operations and office space, respectively. Western Electric used a rail spur on the north and east side of the building for shipping, the second floor for storage, and the remainder of the building for offices and operations.</p><br>
<p>Western Electric used the building as its Michigan headquarters until 1958, when they moved to a lager facility in Plymouth, Michigan. The next year, the Yellow Pages operation moved into the building. In 1961, a large "Yellow Pages" sign was installed across the front of the building. Michigan Bell sold the building in 1995, although the company continued to use it until 1999.</p><br>
<p>For some years until the mid-1980s, the building was notable for its "Weather-Phone" sign, under the Yellow Pages logo. This translucent white plastic sign, modeled after the Western Electric model 500 desk telephone, was backlit with lights of different colors, providing a basic weather forecast to motorists on the Lodge Freeway at night. A red telephone meant warmer weather was forecast in the next 24 hours, blue meant cooler, and yellow, no change in temperature. The lighting would blink when precipitation was expected, whereas a steady light meant neither rain nor snow was expected. During the redevelopment of the building in 2009, the sign was deemed structurally unsound and removed. It was offered to museums, but due to its sheer size (it was nearly five stories tall) none were able to take it.</p><br>
<p>A mixed-use renovation was planned for the structure in 2009, Total investment is approximately $50,000,000.</p><br>
<p>As of July 2013, the redevelopment is nearing completion, with only the NSO headquarters to be finished. Residents already occupy the building, which contains such amenities as a gym, library, computer room, recreation room, supportive services office, and workout room.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Michigan Bell and Western Electric Warehouse consists of a number of rectangular masses laid out in an irregular footprint. The main section, running along Oakman, is six stories tall, with a central tower that rises to 12 stories. The tower is three bays wide, and the flanking sections of the building are five bays each. Each bay is separated with brick piers, and contains a grouping of three</p><br>
<p>double-hung four-over-four windows with limestone sills. The entrance in the central tower is through a pair of double doors with sidelights and a transom. The doors are located within a 2-1/2 story arched opening, with the surround faced in limestone with Art Deco relief in the keystone.</p><br>
<p>A five-story wing, six bays by seven bays, extends behind the main section. The bays are again separated by brick piers and contain multi-paned, steel industrial-type windows. A two-story warehouse, five bays wide by ten bays deep, runs along the east side of the building. A two-story garage, six bays wide and ten bays deep, runs along the west side. Another single story garage is on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the structure was originally primarily industrial. However, the entrance vestibule and first floor hallway have a marble stairway with marble faced walls and a vaulted ceiling. The garages and warehouse are open spaces with concrete floors and walls and exposed ceiling trusses. The remainder of the main building is painted brick and concrete block walls and concrete floors. Currently, areas that were built as open warehouse spaces have been subdivided into office areas. There is a third floor kitchen with glazed block walls and tile floors. The eleventh and twelfth floors of the tower are a single open space containing two large water tanks.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Blomeen House is a historic house located in Auburn, Washington. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oscar Frederick Blomeen (1876-1969) and Ellen (Wennergren) Blomeen (1873-1950) were immigrants from Uddevalla in Västra Götaland, Sweden. They came to America in 1901 and were married during 1908 in Springfield, Massachusetts. After locating in Washington state, Oscar and his brother, Carl opened a machine shop in Auburn. Oscar and Ellen were the parents of three children. After the birth of their children, Oscar planned and built a larger home for his family. The house built by Oscar Blomeen between 1913-14. The family moved out of the house in 1917 when Oscar went to work at the navy shipyard in Bremerton, Washington. Oscar Blomeen rented the house out to a group of nurses (called the Stone Sisters) who turned the home into the area&#39;s first hospital. During the 1920s, the house was also used as a maternity hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The front entry is a single door with glazed upper panel, flanked by multipaned sidelights. A single leaf side entry allows access on the south side of the house.</p><br>
<p>The front and south side have a sheltered veranda that extends 8 ft from the facade. The veranda has a wood deck, Tuscan columns on concrete block bases, and a plain architrave. East of the veranda on the south side is a box bay window under a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a one-story frame house built in 1911. This is the original Blomeen home. The house has clapboard siding. The once open front porch has been enclosed. It is not a contributing resource. Nearby is an historic two-car garage, with clapboard siding and parapet.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior is about 1,100 ft&sup2; on an open plan. There are four rooms on the first floor (front parlor, sitting room, formal dining room, and kitchen) and four rooms on the second floor. First floor ceilings are 9 fthigh, the second floor ceilings are 8 ft. The walls are plaster on lath, with sheetrock used to restore damaged areas.</p><br>
<p>Interior trim is fir, and includes classical door and window casings with entablature hoods, picture railings and baseboard moldings. The front parlor, which is lighted by the circular bay of the corner tower, is separated from the rear dining room by square Doric pillars resting on a solid rail. The drawing room features paneled wainscoting with a plate rail, box beam ceiling, built-in window seat, and built-in hutch with glazed cabinets. A fir staircase leads from the central hall to the upstairs. The staircase features a square newel post and balusters and paneled wainscoting along the wall. The upstairs bedrooms are organized around a central hall, and feature door surrounds with hoods, picture rails, and other trim. The upstairs includes the small nurses operating room and adjacent assistants room with built-in medicine and supply cabinet. Throughout the house the original fir floors have been replaced with oak. The interior rehabilitation included replacing rotting bathroom floors, patching plaster walls and ceilings, installing sheetrock on some extensively damaged walls, and sanding, staining, and varnishing the fir trim.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Blomeen House is an example of vernacular post-Victorian architecture. It owner-builder successfully combined the Craftsman influence of the period with elements of the earlier picturesque mode. The house is characterized by its unusual combination of Craftsman features (broad gable roofs with overhanging eaves, brackets, ornate knee braces, and straightforward clapboard and shingle cladding) with late Queen Anne features (a large corner tower with conical roof, wide veranda with spindle railing and Tuscan columns. In its combination of vernacular designs, the house is unique among architectural resources in Auburn.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliographical</h2><br>
<p>Vine, Josephine Emmons Auburn: A Look Down Main Street (Auburn Centennial Commission: Auburn, 1990, p. 69)</p><br>
<p>Blomeen House (Auburn Community, October 9, 1990)</p><br>
<p>Rommel, Bruce From Private Home to Auburn Landmark (Valley Daily News, January 3, 1991, p. 1)</p><br>
<p>The Lyceum is a building in Bridge Street, Port Sunlight, Merseyside, England. Originally built as a school, it is now used for a variety of purposes, including housing a social club. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lyceum was built for William Lever in 1894–96, and was designed by the Chester firm of architects Douglas and Fordham. It was originally built as the school for the developing community of Port Sunlight and was used as a place of worship until the church was built. It later acquired the name of the Lyceum. As of 2009 it is being used partly as a social centre and partly as architects&#39; offices. There are plans to develop another part of it as a Victorian classroom to form part of Port Sunlight Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main front of the building faces southeast. It has five bays in an irregular plan, and is mainly in one storey. The walls are constructed in red Ruabon brick with blue brick diapering and stone dressings. The roofs are of slate with tiled ridges. From the left, the first bay projects forwards. It has a three-light window, an elliptical-arched doorway and a plain gable. The second bay is recessed and higher, with three two-light windows and a shaped gable. The third bay is recessed even further, is in two storeys and has a doorway and a shaped gable. The fourth bay is the most substantial, wider and higher than the others, and projecting forwards. It contains three pairs of two-light windows and has a shaped gable in which there is a circular window with star-shaped tracery. There are finials on all the gables. On the right of the main front is a turret which has a square base and is octagonal above with broaches at the transition. On the ground floor is an elliptical-headed doorway with a two-light window over it. Above this is a string course, then a clock and a window on alternative faces. Over these is another string course and a parapet with ball finials. The turret is surmounted by a recessed slate spire with a weather vane.</p><br>
<p>The Long Creek Academy is a former Christian school that is located at the intersection of Academy Road and South Carolina S-37-339 near USA Route 76 near Long Creek, South Carolina in Oconee County. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1987. It is currently used by a whitewater rafting company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, the Beaverdam Baptist Association began planning for a high school for rural children in Oconee County. The school began in 1914 under the Beaverdam Baptist Association and the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention. It was one of six "mountain mission schools" in the South including four others in South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Academy had 55 acre. The Main Building was completed in 1914, and the Sullivan Building was completed in 1917.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, the Saluda Baptist Association agreed to cooperate with the Beaverdam Baptist Association for the equipment of the academy. In 1922, the General Board of the South Carolina Baptist Convention took over operation of the school. In 1931, the South Carolina Baptist Convention sold the property.</p><br>
<p>The principal of the Academy, Rev. Luther Henry Raines, reorganized the school as a private corporation. It became an accredited state high school. Although Bible courses were still taught, the State of South Carolina assisted in paying the teachers until 1952. Raines operated the Academy without state or denominational aid until 1956.</p><br>
<p>The property was divided and sold. In 1976, James and Jeanette Greiner bought 19 acre including the two buildings of the Academy. They converted it into the local headquarters for a river rafting outfitter for the nearby Chattooga River.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The Main building is an L-shaped, wood frame, two-story building with an attic. It has a river rock and concrete foundation covered with stucco that was scored to resemble cut stone. The building has weatherboard siding on the first story and wood shingles on the second story. The building originally had a metal hip roof that is now covered in composition shingles. The roof has a square cupola with pyramidal roof and four brick chimneys. The windows are six over six light, double-hung sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation has seven bays. There is a gable-roofed portico, supported by four brick columns covered in stucco, that extends across three bays of the front elevation. There is a semi-circular fanlight on the gable end of its roof. The main door has nine lights with a transom.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a central corridor with stairs leading to a second-story landing. A second set of stairs leads to the second floor. The interior has heart pine floors, tongue and groove ceilings, and plaster walls. The first floor had a kitchen, office, four classrooms, and a rest room. The second floor has four classrooms and four dormitory rooms.</p><br>
<p>As shown in old photographs, the building was originally painted a dark color with white trim. Now, it is painted white.</p><br>
<h3>Sullivan Building</h3><br>
<p>The Sullivan Building, which was named for Paul P. Sullivan of Westminster, was built in 1917 about 150 yd to the northwest of the Main Building. The Sullivan Building is an L-shaped, two-story wood frame building with a hip roof. Its west wing built in at a later time. The building has unpainted weatherboarding. There are eight chimneys. The original part of the building has six over six light sash windows. The addition&#39;s original windows have been replaced by either shutters or one over one windows.</p><br>
<p>This building originally had fifteen dormitory rooms. Its interior has been modified for its current business. There is also a non-contributing shed between the two buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Sandy Guard Station Cabin is a log and stone building built in 1935. It was funded as part of the Federal work relief Emergency Relief Appropriations Act of that year, and also by funds from the City of Portland, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>It is "an exceptional expression of a rugged Rustic style USA Forest Service building", and is the only cabin constructed of its particular design. Out of 700 Forest Service administration buildings built in Oregon and Washington during 1933-1942, it is the only one built with both stone and logs as principal materials.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1935 to house an administrative guard who was to prevent intrusions into the area, part of the city of Portland&#39;s water supply area. It is located in what is now Mt. Hood National Forest, about 5 miles from Government Camp in Clackamas County, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in September, 2009. The building was argued to be eligible for NRHP listing by each of several criteria: that it was eligible in the areas "of Conservation for its association with early USDA Forest Service recreation management and its concurrent role in the protection of the Bull Run watershed", in the area of Politics/Government for its association with Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s New Deal Programs, and in the area of Architecture as a "unique example" of "non-intrusive design philosophy that evolved among land-management agencies during the period of 1933-1942". It was labor-intensive to build and would not have been replicated any time after the onset of World War II.</p><br>
<p>The building "is also believed to be the only existing cabin with its unique battered corners and mortared stone extension in the Pacific Northwest."</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Upper Sandy Guard Station Cabin, built in 1935, is an exceptional expression of a "rugged" Rustic style USA Forest Service building constructed by skilled local carpenters and laborers assisted by men employed under one of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal work relief programs. Funded by the Emergency Relief Appropriations (ERA) Act of 1935, and cooperating funds from the City of Portland, the cabin was built along the newly constructed Timberline Trail specifically to provide housing for an administrative guard to protect the Bull Run Division watershed, the source of the City of Portlands drinking water supply, from public entry. The guard station is no longer used as an administrative site and is now located within the Mt. Hood Wilderness and is managed by the Zigzag Ranger District of the Mt. Hood National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bagsværd is a lake in northeastern Zealand, Denmark. After Furesø, it is the second largest lake in the Mølleå system. The lake is an appendix to the Mølleåen via Furå further on to Lyngby Lake.</p><br>
<p>The water quality in the lake is not suited for swimming as the lake still receives spillover from three outlets from the public sewer system. The sewer pollution is worsened by the fact that the water in the lake stays in the lake for several years. The lake receives very small amounts of clean water from the surrounding areas. Mostly because of very intensive fresh water pumping from nearby wells.</p><br>
<p>Bagsværd is the site of various international rowing, sailing, kayaking and windsurfing competitions. In the summer with its numerous beaches and only 15 km north of Copenhagen, it is a site of relaxation for the Danish people.</p><br>
<p>A small part of the westernmost area of the lake has always been a part of Værløse Municipality and after its merger with Farum Municipality on 1 January 2007 is now a part of Furesø Municipality. Bagsværd is the adjacent suburb.</p><br>
<h2>Rowing competitions</h2><br>
<p>Several international rowing competitions have been held at Lake Bagsværd. In 1978, the FISA Lightweight Championships were held at the venue, the only year in the history of rowing world championships when the lightweight competition was not held together with the open class. In September 2016, the World Rowing Masters Regatta was held on the lake.</p><br>
<p>The William B. Dunlap Mansion was a historic house in Bridgewater, Pennsylvania, United States. Erected in 1840 on a bluff over the Beaver River in the northern part of the borough, it has been ranked as the grandest and best-preserved 19th-century house in Bridgewater. As of January 17, 2017, the structure was demolished by borough authorities following condemnation.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built for coffee entrepreneur James Arbuckle, whose architect employed the Greek Revival style of architecture. Arbuckle lived in the house until 1865, when he sold it to Samuel R. Dunlap and his family. Among the mansions new residents was Samuels son William, who ran his river transportation business from the house. Upon Samuels death in 1890, the house passed into William; he continued to reside at the property until his own death in 1922. During these years, the house was the home of a public official: William was elected to represent the 46th District in the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1890, and he remained in this position until his death. After his death, the house passed through the hands of few owners; it changed ownership very few times and was only rarely vacant, and thus it has seen less change than most period houses. Except for a period as the home of a veterans organization, the mansion has always been used as a residence, although would-be buyers sought to convert it into offices or a print shop.</p><br>
<p>Dunlap&#39;s mansion is a three-story brick structure built on a stone foundation, with four large chimneys and a cedar interior. Although the house is currently surrounded by a lawn and shrubs, it was once surrounded by a formal garden that may have been larger than any other such garden in western Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>On August 29, 1980, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and for its association with William B. Dunlap. It is also a contributing property to a historic district, the Bridgewater Historic District, which was listed on the National Register in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Nearly two years after Bridgewater officials requested a court order to raze the property, the William B. Dunlap Mansion on Market Street was demolished Monday morning, January 16, 2017. A small crowd of about 15 to 20 watched as the walls were ripped down, exposing clothing and antique furniture. Online petitions to save the property just were not enough.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Bell Mountain is located in the North Cascades, approximately one mile south of Washington Pass on the North Cascades Highway. Liberty Bell is the most northern Spire of the Liberty Bell Group, a group of spires which also includes Concord Tower, Lexington Tower, North Early Winters Spire, and South Early Winters Spire.</p><br>
<p>A well known peak in Washington, although it lacks high prominence, and elevation. It is well known for having high quality alpine climbing, with a short approach since the completion of The Washington Pass Hwy. A mixture of high quality granite and difficult rock, has made it a very popular weekend climbing area. Routes range from 5.6 class and grade II, to 5.12a class, and grade IV to V.</p><br>
<h2>Rock Climbing Routes</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Bell Mountain features 18 named traditional climbing routes.</p><br>
<p>Serra del Montsià is a 14.5 km long mountain range in Catalonia. It gives its name to the Montsià, the southernmost comarca  of Catalonia. Its highest point is 764 m high La Torreta.</p><br>
<p>The Serra del Montsià stretches in a NE - SW direction and lies south of the Ebre river, its northern limit. Relatively high and located right by the Mediterranean coastline, it is an important landmark in the region. Its southern limit is marked by the Sénia River. The silhouette of the mountain range looks like a dragon, especially seen from Santa Bàrbara town.</p><br>
<p>There are many remains of Iberian villages in some hills of this range. The small settlement of La Selleta was built by Germans on a hill below the Serra del Montsià in the last half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>This mountain range is covered with Maquis shrubland. The lower slopes are planted with olive, almond and carob trees.</p><br>
<p>On the southeastern slope there is a large limestone quarry that has degraded a vast area.</p><br>
<p>The Serra del Montsià marks the northernmost limit of the Iberian Ribbed Newt distribution in the east of the Iberian Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Serra del Montsià is a karstic formation with numerous shafts and caves. Despite its seaside location it is part of the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range and formed 25 million years ago as part of the Alpine orogeny.</p><br>
<p>Its highest point, la Torreta del Montsià, rises to a height of 764 m; even so, the Mola cima, with its triangular profile, looks like the highest peak from many angles around Ulldecona, along the road between Barcelona and Valencia.</p><br>
<p>Other important peaks are la Foradada, located north of la Torreta, with magnificent views over the Ebre delta, and the rocky Mata-redona.</p><br>
<p>Geologically the section formed by the Serra del Montsià - Ulldecona/Freginals Valley - Serra de Godall is very similar to the section formed by the Talaies dAlcalà - Santa Magdalena de Polpís/Alcalà de Xivert Valley - Serra dIrta further south. These sets of parallel mountain ranges and valleys form the transition between the Catalan Mediterranean System and the Iberian System.</p><br>
<p>The Harlow Block is a commercial building located at 100 West Washington Street in Marquette, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of Marquette&#39;s first settlers, Amos R. Harlow, travelled from Massachusetts to Marquette in 1849 to organize the Jackson Iron Company along with a contintent of other investors. The next year, Harlow platted the village of Marquette. He eventually served as postmaster, township supervisor, highway commissioner, and justice of the peace in Marquette. In addition to his mining ventures, Harlow invested in lumbering, farming, and real estate.</p><br>
<p>Harlow constructed this building, the Harlow Block, in 1887 as a real estate investment. He hired Hampson Gregory, owner of the Marquette Manufacturing Company, to construct the building. The two men collaborated on the design of the building. Nearly all of the space in the building was rented before construction was complete. The Harlow block continues to house retail and professional space in Marquette.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Harlow Block, built in an Italianate style, exemplifies late nineteenth century vernacular commercial architecture. The rectangular building is three stories tall and constructed of red Lake Superior sandstone of a type locally known as "raindrop" for its iridescence. The building measures extends 75 feet along Front Street and 146 feet along Washington Street, and is built on a sloping lot such that the ground floor is substantially covered in the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The main facade is separated by pilasters into four bays, three wider ones which are substantially identical, and a narrower one, located second from the right, housing the entrance. The window plan on the upper floors has three windows in the wider bays and two in the narrower one. The overall impression is of a symmetrical design with an extension on one side.</p><br>
<p>The entry is framed with giant pilasters, and contains a double door surrounded by lights. The top of the entry section terminates in a projecting cornice containing a panel inscribed with the name of the block. On the upper floors containing office space, arched windows are topped with ornamentally carved caps.</p><br>
<p>The main floor houses five stores (two on Front Street and three on Washington) with iron fronts and plate glass windows. The second and third floors contain offices and rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Van Rensselaer Lower Manor is located along the NY 23 state highway on the east side of Claverack, New York, United States. It is a combination of two 18th-century houses, one stone and the other frame, later connected with a hyphen and then combined into one building and sided in wood. One local historian called the result a "growth" that no longer had any architectural merit. It retains much of its original interior layout, finishes and fenestration.</p><br>
<p>One of the houses was among the earliest built in the region. The structure continued to be expanded. As its name suggests it was used by the Van Rensselaer family to maintain a presence on the southern boundary of their family lands during the colonial era. In 1998 it and an associated barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The 1.3 acre lot on which the house is located is on the north side of Route 23 0.8 mi east of its junction with routes 9H and 23B at the center of Claverack. The land slopes up gently to the house from the south and more steeply from the west. There is a barn to the north and a greenhouse/shop to the southeast. An unpaved driveway runs along the east side, between the house and a low retaining wall, to the barn.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-story building, five bays wide by six deep. Its front section has a metal roof that slopes up from a full-width front porch over the course of the two southernmost side bays to a crest pierced by a brick chimney, then drops slightly to remain flat all the way to the rear, where another chimney rises. It is sided in white clapboard save a small portion on the rear of the first story where the original stonework is visible. The front section has a cellar, accessible from the west side.</p><br>
<p>A one-story modern kitchen wing has been built on the west side near the south end. All windows have louvered shutters. Small vents are located above the second story windows. In the middle of the east facade on the first story an entrance is sheltered by a hipped-roofed porch supported by chamfered posts.</p><br>
<p>From the paneled double door on the centrally located main entrance under the front porch, there is a small vestibule that opens into two parlors on either side. Both have a large fireplace and original mantel. A finely molded chair rail runs around both rooms. In the kitchen wing there is some exposed brick from the original construction.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance of the connector section, at the east porch, has sidelights. It opens onto a hallway that leads from the front to the rear of the house. An old doorway (now closed) between the hyphen and the original house in the rear has an old board-and-batten door with a carved Greek key lintel. The oldest rooms here have the original hearth and bake oven. An iron kettle with firebox is built into the chimney. The north room appears to have been used as a smokechamber due to its smudged plaster.</p><br>
<p>The barn, considered a contributing resource to the National Register listing. is located just to the north of the house. It is a frame structure, now secured with vertical wood strips, with metal roof built into the western slope. It has a newer one-story shed-roofed addition. There is a root cellar on the southwest corner. The greenhouse and flower shop, operated by the owners of the house, is close to Route 23 at the southeast corner of the lot. As it is of modern construction it is not considered contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A late 19th-century account dated the construction of the first house on the site to 1685, when the English granted full manorial rights to the van Rensselaer family, rights they had originally exercised as patroons under Dutch colonial rule. Later research suggests that date is thirty years too early and that the original house, whose stones still show at the rear, was built in 1715 by Samuel ten Broeck and his wife Catherine van Rensselaer, whose father had inherited the Claverack portion of the manor. It was used to collect rents and manage other tenant affairs. The family divided their time between Claverack and Albany.</p><br>
<p>The family remained resident there for the rest of the century. Sometime after the Revolution, as the semi-feudal land ownership arrangements left over from the colonial era were giving way to relationships more compatible with democracy, it became the residence of members of another locally prominent family, the Mesicks. The patroonship abolished, they lived there as leaseholders until apparently purchasing the property in the 1810s. A Mesick descendant still owns the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1790 a frame house was built in the front. Its steeply pitched roof still survives as the front facade. It is very similar to Flemish-style houses built further south in New York and New Jersey, lacking only the flaring of the roof over the porch. Around that time a hyphen was built to connect the two.</p><br>
<p>The barn was built around 1825. In the early 20th century expansions to both the hyphen and the older house created the second story and put the house into its present form. As a result, one contemporary local historian disparaged the house as a "growth", with no remaining architectural unity.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Miller House, also known as the Van Wyck-Miller House, is located along the NY 23 state highway in Claverack, New York, United States. It is a wooden farmhouse dating from the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>It is representative of the type of house built by a successful businessman of that region and time period, combining the Federal style with Dutch Colonial elements common in earlier houses in the region. It has remained relatively intact with some later additions. In 1997 it and five other buildings on the ashery Miller ran were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is on a 23.4 acre parcel on the south side of Route 23, at the corner with Van Wyck Lane. There are five other buildings near it, all considered contributing resources to the National Register listing. The land is a mixture of woodlots and fields. The neighborhood, rural with large lots in the area around the farm, becomes residential again to the east. Two other Register-listed properties, the Van Rensselaer Lower Manor House and Dr. Abram Jordan House, are nearby on the opposite side of the road.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-story, five-by-two-bay frame building on a stone foundation with a bell gambrel roof pierced by two brick chimneys at either end. A dentilled cornice marks the roofline on the north and south elevations. There is a one-story wing on the west. The ground at the north (front) elevation slopes westward, exposing the cellar on that side.</p><br>
<p>A shed-roofed porch supported by six pillars shelters the main entrance on the north (front) facade. Two small windows flank it; the remaining first-story windows have paneled shutters; eave windows echo them on the second story. In the wing on the west side, a door provides access to the cellar. The windows of that story are similarly treated to those on the first story.</p><br>
<p>The rear has a similar fenestration to the front but without the porch. On the east elevation is a small Dutch door next to the chimney. It has a small shed-roofed porch as well.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the entrance, another Dutch door with four-light transom, opens on a central hall. The front rooms are larger than the rear ones. All have fireplaces with early 19th-century mantels. The one in the northwest room has an Arts and Crafts-style tile inlay. The second floor has a similar floor plan, while the basement is divided into several rooms including a modern family room. The west room down there has an original fireplace and carved mantel. All rooms have their original plaster and lath walls and wide planked flooring.</p><br>
<p>The largest of the outbuildings is the frame store to the east, contemporary to the house. Its gable end and main entrance faces Van Wyck Lane, with a side entrance facing Route 23. It is a two-story frame building with a front porch, rear brick chimney and metal roof.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a brick smokehouse with gabled shingled roof partially built into the ground. Next to it is a frame privy sided in clapboard with a metal roof. Nearby are the largest outbuildings, two barns joined into an L shape. They are frame buildings on stone foundations sided in clapboard with double doors at their main entrances facing the roads. The north gable end has a circular window with eight divided lights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1790 by Miller, son of Cornelius Muller, whose brick Dutch house on the other side of Claverack is also listed on the Register. The younger man was among the first merchants in the community to set up shop on the east side, selling dry goods and buying or accepting as barter ash from recently cleared farmland to extract potash from.</p><br>
<p>His house is not high in style, but does reflect Millers commercial success in its large mass and predominantly Federal stylings. The gambrel roof and Dutch door acknowledge the areas Dutch colonial past.</p><br>
<p>The outbuildings are either contemporary with the house, such as the store building, or added later as the two barns were. The only significant changes to the house have been the addition of the west wing, probably some time later in the 19th century, and the changes to the basement floor plan made by owners in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Arch and Ridge Streets Historic District is a historic district located in Marquette, Michigan, running along Arch and Ridge Streets from Front Street to Lake Superior. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The district includes the Call House.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The residential core of the district is defined by ridge running east-and-west (known locally as simply "the Ridge"), which gives Ridge Street its name. The district includes spectacular residences built for some of the leading citizens of Marquette, as well as more modest houses for white- and blue-collar workers. Two public structures, the Peter White Library and First United Methodist Church, are also located within the district.</p><br>
<p>Seven of these structures are built from local sandstone. A small cottage in the neighborhood was the inspiration for Carroll Watson Rankin&#39;s 1904 novel, The Dandelion Cottage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first construction in the Arch and Ridge Streets Historic District was in 1867, when Peter White built the first house on the Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Colline Metallifere  are a mountain-hill group in the Tuscan Antiapennine, in central Italy. They occupy the central-western part of Tuscany, divided between the provinces of Livorno, Pisa, Siena and Grosseto.</p><br>
<p>The territory, with the exception of the Poggio di Montieri and Cornate di Gerfalco peaks, both above the 1,000 m, is mostly hilly, with a rich variety of minerary resources, whence the name. It also includes geothermic energy sources, part of which used in ENEL power plants at Larderello and Lago Boracifero. Rivers include the Cecina, the Cornia and the Merse.</p><br>
<p>The metal resources of the Colline Metallifere were exploited since ancient times by the Etruscans: production reached its peak in the mid-19th century, declining quickly however afterwards. The numerous railways serving the mills are now mostly suppressed.</p><br>
<h2>Communes</h2><br>
<h3>Province of Livorno</h3><br>
<p>Sassetta</p><br>
<p>Campiglia Marittima</p><br>
<p>Suvereto</p><br>
<h3>Province of Pisa</h3><br>
<p>Monteverdi Marittimo</p><br>
<p>Pomarance</p><br>
<p>Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina</p><br>
<h3>Province of Siena</h3><br>
<p>Radicondoli</p><br>
<p>Chiusdino</p><br>
<h3>Province of Grosseto</h3><br>
<p>Monterotondo Marittimo</p><br>
<p>Montieri</p><br>
<p>Roccastrada</p><br>
<p>Massa Marittima</p><br>
<p>Gavorrano</p><br>
<p>Scarlino</p><br>
<p>Castiglione della Pescaia</p><br>
<p>Banasura Hill is one of the tallest mountains in the Vythiri taluk of Wayanad district, Kerala, India. The hill is named after Banasura, a mythical character of Indian legends. It is one of the highest peak exceeding 2,000m between Nilgiris and Himalayas after Chembra Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Banasura Hill has an altitude of 2,073 m and is a part of the Western Ghats. It is the northernmost peak higher than 2,000 m south of the Gangetic plains in India. It lies off the state highway from Kuttiady to Mananthavady. Mananthavady which lies 25 km away is the closest town and the closest state transport depot. The closest National Highway is NH 766 that passes through Kalpetta which is about 37 km away.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking routes and visitor information</h2><br>
<p>One has to take a deviation at Vellamunda village and go via Pulinjal to reach the peak. About 1.5 km from Pulinjal you pass by Banasura Hill Resort, unique for its rammed-earth architecture. About 500 meters beyond the resort begins a treacherous but adventurous track. Along the way there is a thunderous waterfall that locals call “Meenmutty”. It’s a good three-hour climb to the top of the hill. The view from there is spectacular. Permission from the North Wayanad Forest Division office located at Mananthavady has to be obtained for trekking up Banasura Hill. At the foot of the hill is the Banasura Sagar Dam, the largest earth dam in India. The dam is another point from where one can start the trek up Banasura Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The narrow trail that leads up to the top of the hill winds through thick tropical vegetation. The flora includes some rare medicinal plants. The fauna found en route consist of monkeys, wild boars, deer and wild elephants.</p><br>
<h2>Tribes and history</h2><br>
<p>There are four tribal settlements at the foot of the Banasura Hill belonging largely to the Kurichiya tribe. The Kurichiyas have a martial tradition, and are experts with the bow and arrow. When Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja revolted against the British for imposing exorbitant tax on agricultural products, and fled to the forests of Wayanad to fight a long-drawn guerilla war against them, it was to these Kurichiya tribesmen that the Pazhassi Raja turned for support. The Pazhassi Raja used their knowledge of the topography of the area to inflict defeats on the British forces. The rugged and thickly forested terrain around Banasura Hill with numerous caves, streams and water courses formed an ideal hiding place for the Pazhassi Raja. It may not be inappropriate to mention that Banasura Hill must have stood as a silent spectator to the events leading up to the demise of the Pazhassi Raja.</p><br>
<p>Nysø Manor, located near Præstø in the southeast of the Danish island of Sealand, was built in 1673 for Jens Lauridsen, a local functionary. It now houses the Thorvaldsen Collection, a group of works by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen, who lived and worked there in his later years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The first manor house in Denmark to be designed in the Baroque style, it is built in red brick and sandstone with a red-tiled roof and a granite plinth as a foundation. It is thought to be the work of master builder Ewert Janssen who probably also built Charlottenborg Palace in Copenhagen shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<p>The house consists of a main wing with 11 bays and lateral wings to the north with an entrance in between. The central projects on the north and south sides are decorated with four Ionic pilasters which support triangular pediments. On the north side, there is a clock with two figures whose bells strike the hour.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>A moat originally encircled the entire building but in 1780 the moat on the north side was filled in to accommodate estate buildings. The Thorvaldsen Collection is housed in one of the red-brick buildings to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Nysø Estate extends over 1,041 hectares, encompassing Jungshovedgaard, Christinelund, Henriklund and Mariannelund.</p><br>
<h2>Golden Age venue</h2><br>
<p>Nysø is especially known for its role in the Danish cultural Golden Age of the early-to-mid-19th century when Baron Henrik Stampe and his wife Christine played host to many famous writers and artists, including Hans Christian Andersen and the sculptor Thorvaldsen. The latter spent much of his last six years here (1838–44), where he had a studio in the house and in the garden (the white structure in the picture above).</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, Nysø was a popular venue for Golden Age artists such as Hans Christian Andersen, Bertel Thorvaldsen, and N. F. S. Grundtvig who visited Baron Henrik Stampe and his wife Christine. Thorvaldsen who had a studio in the house spent much of his last six years there. Today Nysø houses the Thorvaldsen Collection which is open to the public in the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>About the collection</h2><br>
<p>The Thorvaldsen Collection is open for visitors from 12 noon to 4 pm on Saturdays and Sundays from 1 May to 31 August. The collection contains Thorvaldsen&#39;s clay models, sculptures and drawings as well as artwork from other famous visitors.</p><br>
<p>Aiadava (Aiadaba or Aeadaba, Αἰάδαβα*Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64. Greek text.</p><br>
<p>) was a Dacian town in the Remesiana region, present day Bela Palanka, Serbia.</p><br>
<p>After the Romans conquered Moesia in the 75 BC, the new castrum (imperial domain with estates) and municipium was known initially as Ulpianorum and then Remesiana (Moesi) and laid on the Via Militaris road, between Naissus and Serdica.</p><br>
<p>Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) had following strongholds in the district of Remesiana:</p><br>
<p>The patron saint of Romania, Nicetas of Remesiana, was a 4th-century bishop at Remesiana, of possible Dacian descent.</p><br>
<p>Excavations include well-preserved castrum dating to 4th century, a hoard of 260 coins minted during the rule of Constantine I, Theodosius I, Tiberius Claudius Nero (3rd century AD).Ancient diseases: the elements of palaeopathology-Srboljub Živanović 1982</p><br>
<p>The Richard T. Foley Site is an archaeological site in Jackson Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States, in the southwestern corner of the state. Located along Job Creek, the site was known since the late 1960s to local artifact collectors as a valuable collection location. Significant artifacts were discovered by landowner Richard T. Foley in 1971, when he began to plow part of the site to expand his garden. Having found bits of flint, bone, and pottery, Foley contacted local archaeologists, who soon began a three-year excavation of the property. A larger investigation was carried out by archaeologists from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1982; they discovered that the area previously excavated was only the periphery of a larger campsite. Later in 1982, work led by James T. Herbstritt discovered a village site elsewhere on the property.</p><br>
<p>Grants from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and the R.K. Mellon Foundation enabled Herbstritt to lead another excavation in 1984, which examined the village found two years before. The excavation showed that the village had been planned in an oval but consisted of two concentric circles composed of circular houses, at least sixty in number. At the middle of the village appeared evidence of an earlier Monongahela village underlying the larger site. Although most Monongahela villages were stockaded, the village at the Foley Site clearly had no stockade. However, the site was accompanied by a large midden; along with European trade goods found elsewhere at the site, the midden has demonstrated that the site was occupied during the first third of the seventeenth century.</p><br>
<p>A large number of artifacts found in the midden at the Foley Site are animal-related, including bones of birds and a wide range of animals, as well as shells of box turtles. Also present are metal and clay objects such as beads and combs, but perhaps the most significant discovery at the site was that of European-produced objects made of brass and glass. The presence of these objects enabled archaeologists to determine that the village site was occupied during the Historic Monongahela period. Like the Foley Site, many Monongahela villages are located in river bottoms.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the Foley Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places because of its information-yielding potential.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Potsdam in St. Lawrence County, New York. It was built in 1835 in the Federal style with Gothic elements built of red Potsdam Sandstone. It was greatly enlarged and transformed into High Victorian Gothic style later in the 19th century, with less significant alterations continuing into the 20th century. The front facade of the church took its final form in 1886 and is a lavishly decorated Victorian Gothic creation, made possible by donations from Thomas S. Clarkson and his family. It features a 110 ft, 19 by four-level tower. Also on the property is a stone wall dating to 1870, a large cast iron urn dating to about 1880 and a cast iron lamppost on a sandstone base dating to 1880.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Bucks Bridge Community Church, also  known as Bucks Bridge United Methodist Church, was formerly a Methodist Episcopal church located at Buck&#39;s Bridge in St. Lawrence County, New York. The church now most closely follows the Congregational Church polity and theology.</p><br>
<p>Pastor Dennis Lowe, in a rotation of preachers at the church since 2007, was formally called as pastor in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The church has worship Sunday evening at 7:30 PM, with communion on the first Sunday of every month. Services are seasonal; for instance, the 2013 schedule ends with the December 8 service, to resume the following Palm Sunday. Monthly home services for communion are held over the winter.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It was recently renovated with siding, keeping the look of white clapboard (summer 2010).</p><br>
<p>The Bear&#39;s Paw Hotel is in Main Street, Frodsham, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is now a public house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the date on the lintel over the front door, the Bears Paw was constructed in 1632. It was built on land owned by the Savages of Rocksavage, who were lords of the manor. The original name was the Lyons Paw, this being based on an animals paw on the arms of the Savage family. In 1697 Earl Rivers of the Savage family reverted to Roman Catholicism and, following the outcry resulting from this, the name was changed to the Bears Paw.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The front and sides of the building are in sandstone, and the rear is in brick. The roof is of slate. The building is almost symmetrical and has an E-shape plan, with two storeys. Each of the five bays has a gable with a finial. The central bay has a doorway in the lower storey and a three-light window above. The outer bays, which project forwards, have five-light windows in both storeys; the recessed bays between these and the porch have three-light windows in both storeys. All the windows are mullioned and transomed. There are four stone chimneys. The lintel over the front door, in addition to the date, includes the initials "WL" and "ML", which are those of William and Margaret Littlemore, the original owners. The interior has been much altered. However the main cellar runs for the full length of the building and another cellar runs under the garden at the back.</p><br>
<p>The Ballaine House is a historic homestead in Seward, Alaska, United States. The home was built in 1905 by prominent Seward businessman Frank Ballaine. Frank was the brother of John Ballaine, who is considered the founding father of Seward. The building currently houses a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1902, a group of Seattle businessman sought to establish a railroad to connect southern Alaska with Fairbanks in the Interior. After crews surveyed many different routes, John Ballaine selected the northern coast of Resurrection Bay as the southern terminus of their route, as the Bay remains free of ice year-round. John Ballaine obtained much of the land for the town site. His brother Frank lived in Seward and was responsible for selling lots in the town and overseeing the railroad construction, as John remained in Seattle. Frank also founded the town&#39;s first newspaper, the Seward Gateway, in 1904. When a telegraph connection to Seward was completed, Ballaine provided news from the lower 48 states in his paper.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, Frank Ballaine married in Seattle and returned to Seward and began construction of his residence. In that same year, six other homes of similar quality were constructed on that block, and the street was nicknamed "Millionaire&#39;s Row", as the owners believed Alaska would soon have one million residents and Seward would be its "Gateway".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house measured approximately 22 ft by 45 ft. The first floor contains many windows, a sign of wealth, and usual for that time and location.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 12, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Peers Memorial is in St Peter&#39;s Square, Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales. It is designated by Cadw as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The memorial stands on the site of a previous town hall, which was built in 1663 and demolished in 1863. It was constructed in 1883 to commemorate Joseph Peers JP during his lifetime, and was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure consists of a combined clock tower, horse trough and drinking fountain that incorporates Jacobean motifs. It is built in three stages, each stage being narrower than the one below. The whole structure is in stone; the lowest stage is in grey stone with red sandstone bands, and the two upper stages are in yellow sandstone with red sandstone bands. At each corner is a buttress which includes a panel, and is surmounted by a pinnacle with a finial. The front of the memorial faces south. The lowest stage of the front face includes an arch with a water spout directed towards a water trough; at the rear there are two curved steps leading to a door. At the northwest angle is a small stone basin, while on the east and west sides there are low stone seats. In the middle stage, there are panels on the front and the rear. The panel on the front contains the bust of a man, and in the panel on the rear is an inscription commemorating Joseph Peers. On the east and west sides of this stage are buttresses supporting statues. The top stage has clock faces under shaped gables at the front and the rear, while on the other sides there are lancet windows, also under gables. There are ball finials at each corner at the top of the memorial, and on the apex is another ball finial surmounted by a weather vane.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Abram Jordan House  is located along the NY 23 state highway in Claverack, New York, United States. It is a brick Federal style house, with some Greek Revival decorative touches, built in the 1820s as a wedding present from a local landowner to his daughter and son-in-law.</p><br>
<p>It typifies the application of that style in the eastern upper Hudson Valley. In 1999 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is on a lot of less than 2 acre along the north side of Route 23, just north of the Van Wyck Lane intersection. It is set back slightly from the road, on a slight rise. To its west are other older houses on large lots, two of which, the Stephen Miller House across the street and Van Rensselaer Lower Manor House a few hundred feet to the west, are also listed on the National Register. To the east the land descends slightly into an area of more densely developed and newer residential subdivisions on either side of the road. There are three other buildings on the property, all of them considered contributing to its historic character.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story, five-by-two-bay structure on a stone foundation sided in brick painted white topped with a low gabled roof covered in seamed metal panels. A boxed cornice and plain frieze mark the roofline. Two white brick chimneys rise at the ends. A single-story brick service wing, with attached frame extension, projects from the north.</p><br>
<p>All the windows have green louvered shutters. The south (front) facade is dominated by the centrally located main entrance on the first floor. It is sheltered by an open gable porch supported by columns. The entrance itself is flanked by sidelights and pilasters and surmounted by an ornate fanlight and segmented arched lintel. Above it is a detailed tripartite window within an arch partially cut into the frieze and cornice above it. It is flanked by pilasters supported another segmented arch lintel.</p><br>
<p>The identical east and west elevations feature fully pedimented gable fields, rising slightly above the roofline to create a parapet effect. Quarter windows are within on both elevations. The east sides lower stories feature windows similar to those on the rest of the house; the west sides are smaller. There are no windows on the portion of the north (rear) facade not connected to the wing.</p><br>
<p>The six-paneled main entrance door opens on a wide central hall with finely crafted staircase featuring carved stair ends and maple balustrade and newels. There are large rooms on each side, both with an original carved mantelpieces, moldings and ornamental plaster ceilings and walls. This floor plan is duplicated on the second floor, which has had more modifications to its interior but retains the same original wide-plank wooden flooring found on the first story.</p><br>
<p>Most of the rear kitchen wing has been modernized. An original cooking fireplace and baking oven remains in the frame portion, which also has other older finishes. It is possible that this may have been a separate building at one time.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a brick smokehouse. It is one story high, with a gabled roof extended to cover the entrance. The two barns to the northeast have extensive Greek Revival ornamentation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local landowner Peter Mesick had the house built in 1822 as a wedding present for his daughter Catherine, who wed Jordan that same year. At that time the house was strictly Federal style in form, with its rigid symmetries and restrained classically inspired decorations. The smokehouse was built at the same time.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 the two barns were built, and the house updated in the Greek Revival style which had become popular in the interim. That resulted in the pediments along the gables. There have been no major changes to the property since then.</p><br>
<p>The ASM International Headquarters and Geodesic Dome, at the Materials Park campus in Russell Township, Geauga County, Ohio, United States, are the headquarters of ASM International, a professional organization for materials scientists and engineers. These modernist structures were built in 1958 and dedicated in September 1959.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose</h2><br>
<p>The campus serves as the headquarters of ASM International, formerly the American Society for Metals. The dome is the "world&#39;s largest open air geodesic dome", and is rare among Synergetics, Inc.-designed geodesic domes in that it was never intended to be a covered structure.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Originally serving as headquarters for the American Society for Metals in September 1959, the geodesic dome was built on a 100-acre parcel donated by William Hunt Eisenman (1886–1958), a charter member of the American Society of Metals and its secretary for nearly four decades. In 1961, ASM purchased William Hunt Eisenman&#39;s Sunnimoor Farm and 400-acres of land adjacent to the ASM campus.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designed by John Terrence Kelly, a native of Elyria, Ohio. There are differing opinions on R. Buckminster Fullers role in the design of ASMs dome. While Fuller was a founding partner of Synergetics, Inc. and a patent holder for geodesic dome geometry, he was divested of all interest in Synergetics, Inc. before this dome was conceived. The geodesic dome was designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina, the owner of Synergetics, Inc. and designer of many geodesic domes such as Climatron Conservatory at Missouri Botanical Gardens, the Union Tank Car Company dome (now demolished) in Baton Rouge, LA, and Poliedro de Caracas in Venezuela. Fuller&#39;s role was limited to licensing the use of his patent.</p><br>
<p>In a 2010 essay, Stan Theobald, retired ASM managing director (2002-2012), recalls that the dome engineers were from the College of Engineering at the North Carolina State University stating, "since they were the only Engineers that Bucky used." Throughout his 32-page essay, Theobald refers to the "dome Engineers," speaking very little of any involvement by Fuller, which would seem to indicate that Kelly used Fullers principles, while other engineers made them work for this unique open-air, above grade project. Theobald elaborated on the spring 1958 groundbreaking and formal announcement dinner that followed at the Union Club in Cleveland, Ohio where Fuller was the guest speaker. Theobald describes Fullers presentation as "a marathon, rambling dissertation" in which he proposed "that the most important advances on the future would be invisible." In his essay, Theobald compares Fuller&#39;s vision from 1958 to reality in 2010, an era of the Internet, DNA, genome mapping, and nano technology.</p><br>
<p>The geodesic dome is actually a triacon truss rising to a height of 103 feet and is 274 feet in diameter. The dome is built using approximately 65,000 parts, including 13 miles of extruded aluminum tubing and tension rods bolted into hexagons. There are no internal supports and the entire 80-ton weight rests on five concrete-filled pylons driven up to 77 feet into the earth.</p><br>
<p>The entire complex sits on a 400-foot diameter piazza with a 100-foot diameter mineral garden in the center that contains 66 labeled specimens of mineral ores with a fountain in the center. The 50,000-square foot headquarter building is a three-story semi-circular shaped concrete structure that occupies two-fifths of the piazza perimeter. The building resides on the western perimeter and is independent of the dome structure and has three distinct sections.</p><br>
<p>The building has floor-to-ceiling aluminum frame windows inside poured concrete walls and floors. The exterior of the western-facing second level glass wall is protected by a 13-foot high, 390-foot long satin-finish stainless steel "sun shield," which protects against the afternoon sun without obstructing the view by providing 4,000 one-foot by five-inch louvers. Stainless steel, bronze, copper, aluminum, titanium and tungsten elements are incorporated into the interior design.</p><br>
<p>The original investment for the building and landscaping was $2.4 million. The semi-circular building, capped by a geodesic dome, symbolizes humanity’s mastery of metals and materials.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Construction began in March 1958 by general contractor Gillmore-Olson Company, under the supervision of George McKay. Aluminum was supplied by Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Co. of Halethorpe, Maryland. The dome was fabricated by North American Aviation Corporation of Columbus, and the Mak Construction Company of Cleveland erected the dome.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>For his architectural work including the design of the ASM headquarters, John Terrence Kelly was awarded the 1968 Cleveland Arts Prize for Architecture.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 2009. The listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service&#39;s weekly list of October 30, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>In 1995, ASM International sold more than 500 acre, including over half of the original donated parcel, to the Geauga Park District, which represents a sizable portion of the 902 acre. The ASM International campus resides on the remaining 45 acre of land split into two parcels. One 41.05 acre parcel is in Russell Township, and the other 3.95 acre parcel is in Newbury Township.</p><br>
<p>The mineral garden was redesigned in 1999 to improve the walkways, irrigation and drainage. A variety of perennials and trees were added, including a Malus apple tree directly descended from the tree that inspired Sir Isaac Newtons theory of gravitation. The tree was donated to ASM by the National Bureau of Standards in 1968. A 16 ft fountain sculpture entitled "ASM Singularity," made from copper, titanium, and stainless steel created by Eric Orr was added as well. On the cover of ASM Internationals 1999 annual report it states: "In mathematical terms, singularity is the point of a curve at which dramatic changes take place."</p><br>
<p>In 1999, a granite memorial dedicated to William H. Eisenman was placed on the eastern hillside. It is engraved with the inscription credited to Daniel Hudson Burnham, famous for the Burnham Plan or "The Plan of Chicago," a comprehensive turn-of-the-century plan for the future of Chicago. The inscription reads, ": they have no magic to stir one&#39;s blood. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die."</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the headquarters underwent renovations and restorations led by the of Cleveland and of Lakewood, Ohio. The total cost of renovations were nearly $6 million, including over $2 million from state and federal historic-preservation tax credits. The historic preservation funding came as a tradeoff against strict requirements of the National Park Service, the administrative arm of the National Register of Historic Places, which requires renovated historic buildings retain their original architectural character and critical original materials. Interior and exterior renovations included new mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, ADA-accessible restrooms, interior updates, restoration of the glass window wall and the exterior stainless steel sunscreens, and repairs to the concrete structure under the roof.</p><br>
<p>A 1953-commissioned seven-panel brushed aluminum mural created by metals artist Nikos Bel-Jon (1911–1966) called the once used at ASM trade shows, now hangs throughout the headquarters building.</p><br>
<h2>Materials Park, Ohio</h2><br>
<p>Materials Park, Ohio is not a city, village, town, or unincorporated community; it is a designated rural post office branch.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 1961, the American Society of Metals was established as a rural post office branch as Metals Park, Ohio 44073. Today, the 45-acre campus of ASM International is called Materials Park. The change from "Metals Park" to "Materials Park" reflects a mid-1980s revision of the mission of the American Society of Metals when it changed its name to "ASM International: The Materials Information Society" and began using the tagline "ASM is Everything Material, the society dedicated to serving the materials science and engineering profession."</p><br>
<p>The current mailing address of ASM International World Headquarters is:</p><br>
<p>ASM World Headquarters, 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 The majority of Russell Township residents use as their postal city and zip code.</p><br>
<p>Charlie Lake is a lake in north-eastern British Columbia, Canada, situated 8 km west from Fort St. John, along the Alaska Highway. The lake provides the water supply for the city of Fort St. John.</p><br>
<p>The Charlie Lake Formation, a stratigraphical unit of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin is named for the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is situated at an elevation of 700 m. It is formed along the Stoddart Creek, a right tributary of the Beatton River, itself a major tributary of the Peace River.</p><br>
<p>Two parks are established on the shores of the lake, Charlie Lake Provincial Park on the west shore, and Beatton Provincial Park on the east shore. The settlement of Charlie Lake lies at the southern tip of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Mather Inn is a hotel in Ishpeming, Michigan. The inn served as housing for the cast of the classic 1959 movie Anatomy of a Murder, and was where Duke Ellington composed the movie&#39;s score. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1875, Robert Nelson, the founder of Ishpeming, built a hotel in the city known as the Barnum House. Four years later, the Barnum House burned, and Nelson replaced it with another structure he called the Nelson House.</p><br>
<p>Realizing the benefit of having a first-class hotel, William G. Mather, Cleveland-Cliffs president, financed the construction of the Mather Inn as a replacement. Mather hired Boston architect James H. Ritchie to design the building and turned to Warren H. Manning, a longtime associate, to design the grounds. The hotel is considered to be an excellent example of the work of both men.</p><br>
<p>The Mather Inn opened in 1932, and served the community for decades. In 1959, it served as lodging for the cast of the classic movie Anatomy of a Murder. In the mid-1980s, the Mather Inn Preservation Society was created to sustain it. However, the inn fell on hard times, and in 1987 it was closed and sold.</p><br>
<p>The inn was vacant for many years, but in 2004 renovations to the building were started. As of 2009, the inn is privately owned and is undergoing a renovation to turn it into luxury residences and office suites. As of 2014, the old boiler room and adjacent storage area have been converted into a brewery named Cognition Brewing Company. The brewery plans to serve its beer out of the old pub.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mather Inn is a four-story rectangular building, constructed of concrete and steel with a brick facing. The front facade is divided into three bays, with a two-story portico sheltering the entrance in the center bay. The varied fenestration on the front, including bay windows flanking the center entrance and dormers on the hipped roof, make the facade architecturally interesting.</p><br>
<p>The public areas of the interior are panelled in pine, and include a sunken dining room and men&#39;s clubroom. There are forty-seven guest rooms, including three furnished apartments. On the exterior, the grounds contain uniform terraced gardens and a huge boulder rock garden. The inn is still substantially similar to its original state, having undergone few alterations.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Storm House is located on the NY 217 state highway just east of Claverack, New York, United States. It is a Federal style brick house built in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It combines aspects of that style found in urban and rural houses, and has a richly detailed interior that remains intact. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The property is a 3.6 acre lot on the north side of Route 217, one-quarter mile (500 m) east of where it splits from NY 23. The house is set back slightly from the road, behind a wooden fence. A small stream separates the house from the remaining foundations of two barns that have since burned down. They are both considered contributing resources to its historic character. A long driveway forks at the ruins of one barn, with the east fork leading to the house. There limestone blocks remaining from the days when visitors arrived by carriage flank the end of the long walk to the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>Around it, the land gently slopes upward to the east. There are similar older houses on larger, semi-wooded lots to the east and west. Across the road is a large cultivated field that rises to the south.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is a two-story, five-by-one-bay brick building on a stone foundation topped with a seamed metal roof. A brick wing extends from the northwest corner. Alongside and behind it are a complex of sheds that have been combined into a modern kitchen and workshop.</p><br>
<p>On the south (front) facade all windows have louvered shutters. A boxed cornice marks the roofline. A columned portico, similar to the one on the Dr. Abram Jordan House one mile (1.6 km) west on Route 23, shelters the main entrance, itself in a molded frame flanked by shuttered sidelights and topped with a stone round-arched lintel.</p><br>
<p>The east and west sides both have one window apiece on each story. In the east end this is complemented by an unusual pointed elliptical window in the garret. The wing on the north end has been complemented with a newer, two-story wing and several additions.</p><br>
<p>A narrow central hall is behind the six-paneled main door. Around the doors to the parlors on either side are original wooden moldings. Each step on the three-run staircase has a carved fan design on the side. They are topped with a cherry Federal-style bannister. At the rear of the hall a small stair leads to the rear wings.</p><br>
<p>Both parlors have their original finishings, including interior shutters and fireplace. The east one is more ornate, with its door having applied molded leadwork in addition to detailed moldings and carvings. The mantel has a deep cornice with a central rectangle containing a molded strip and floral center motif. It is flanked by two smaller plain rectangles with a fluted strip beneath. The fireplace sides have fluted columns, with the square ends of the mantel shelf protruding overhead.</p><br>
<p>A door to the smaller room to the rear is flanked by pilasters. It is topped with a cornice centered on a sunburst carving, with rosettes at the ends. It, too, has molded leadwork highlights. The ceiling of this room is molded plaster with an oval molding and center medallion.</p><br>
<p>There is similar decoration in the western parlor, but without the doorway cornices. Next to its fireplace is an original china closet. The door leads to the west entry to the house.</p><br>
<p>This vestibule leads to the rear wing of the house. The original kitchen wing has a reconstructed fireplace and original Dutch door. It has a bedroom in its upper story.</p><br>
<p>The bedrooms on the second floor are similar in layout and size to the rooms below. They, too, have intricate original detail, although not as extensive. The east bedroom&#39;s mantel is flanked by molded pilasters and a deep cornice. There are no interior shutters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Storm family emigrated to the New Netherland colony from the Brabant region in the mid-17th century. Originally settling in Brooklyn, descendants worked their way up the Hudson Valley, serving in various public capacities as the region went to English and later British and American control.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Storm was born around 1788, the son of Judge Thomas Storm, who may have located in Claverack from Stormville, in Dutchess County. In later years Thomas was a Judge, and resided in a large frame house about two miles to the east.</p><br>
<p>In 1807 Stephen married Catherine Phillips, who was entitled to a dowers share to a quarter of the traditional Johannes Phillips heasehold from the Van Rennselaer patroonship dating from the 1760s. The couple presumably settled in the original late 18th century three-bay brick house which appears in the same location on the Penfield rents map (1806). The house was built around 1810, the year in which Stephen gave his father in law a $10,000 mortgage. The house was constructed on an expanded footprint covering five bays and a small ell extending to the rear. Some of the structural materials used in building the federal home were salvaged from the earlier structure, including floor joists sawn from finished Dutch style ceiling beams, and floor boards resawn from old wide yellow pine flooring.</p><br>
<p>The Storms had five children. Catherine died in 1819.</p><br>
<p>Federal style houses were common at the time. The Storm House pairs a common size for rural applications of the style with some features more frequently found in urban Federal houses, such as the narrow central hall and shallow depth with single-story rear additions. Its interiors are among the most richly decorated of any house from the period in Columbia County.</p><br>
<p>The house is related to other Claverack federal residences in terms of layout, and interior trim details, including refined fluting on stair spandrels similar to those found in the James Vanderpoel house (House of History), Plumb-Bronson mansion, and another privately owned Claverack house. The east front parlor features related fluting in the overdoor panels.</p><br>
<p>The front facade was laid in Flemish bond and finished with lead-tucked grapevining. The rest of the structure is laid in common English bond with ordinary jointing.</p><br>
<p>In 1817 Storm bought the 150 acre opposite the house for his farming operations from Jacob R. Van Rensselaer, a descendant of the areas original Dutch manorial family who still had considerable landholdings in the area and was active in local politics as a state assemblyman, serving as speaker of that body and later New Yorks Secretary of State. Storm himself would serve as an assemblyman for a single term in the early 1820s.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, Storm moved to nearby Hudson and sold the house to an Andrew Pulver after his wife died. The Pulver family raised the rear addition&#39;s roof, the only significant change made since its construction. They lived there until Andrew died around 1900. Other owners of note include John Delafield, a Livingston family descendant and resident of Montgomery Place, who considered preserving the house during the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Island Eddy is a small island at the inner, eastern end of Galway Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Orthography</h2><br>
<p>The island is always referred to locally as Island Eddy not Eddy Island. The official Irish Government commission on placenames confirms this usage, giving its Irish and English orthography thus: ‘Oileán Eide / Island Eddy’. It is not to be confused with Islandeady, an inland village and parish in Co. Mayo.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<h3>Geographical</h3><br>
<p>Island Eddy is situated on the inner reaches of Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. The nearest town, as the crow flies, would be Kinvara which sits at the head of a shallow inlet some 7 km to the south, south-east.</p><br>
<h3>Administrative</h3><br>
<p>Townland Name: Island Eddy</p><br>
<p>Civil Parish: Drumacoo</p><br>
<p>Barony: Dunkellin</p><br>
<p>Electoral Division: Drumcoo ED</p><br>
<p>County: Galway</p><br>
<p>Province: Connacht</p><br>
<p>Diocese – historical: Kilmacduagh</p><br>
<p>Diocese (R. C.) - modern: Galway, Kilmacduagh & Kilfenora</p><br>
<p>Poor Law Union: Galway</p><br>
<p>Rural District: 10: Galway</p><br>
<p>District Electoral Division: 043: Ballynacourty</p><br>
<h2>Physical character</h2><br>
<p>Island Eddy consists of three low islets, inter-linked and flanked by extensive isthmuses and spits. At the south-west end of the island a number of the latter combine to form a large lagoon-like area, and a second series also define another lagoon towards the eastern end. These are known locally as "Malluirs", probably because they fill and drain up to and hour behind the normal tidal pattern. They are labelled as the North Mallmhuir and the South Mallmhuir, respectively. The islets are probably partially submerged drumlins while the isthmuses and spits are largely composed of sea-rolled cobbles and shingle. At the eastern extremity of the island there is a long sinuous sand-spit called "the cush", which allows access to the island by foot at certain spring tides.</p><br>
<p>In the Books of Survey and Distribution, compiled in the 1650s, Illand Edye is listed as a Denomination of ½ of a Qur comprising 113 0 0 Acres profittable (Plantation measure).</p><br>
<p>According to the OS six inches to the mile (1:10,560) scale map the island is 165 Acres, 3 Roods and 24 Perches (67.14ha) in extent. Its maximum dimensions are 2.85 km long, east to west, and 1.05 km wide, north to south. Its maximum elevation is 8 m.</p><br>
<h2>Map Gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Ownership - landlords</h2><br>
<p>1574: Bishop of Kilmacduagh</p><br>
<p>1641: Sr Roebuck Lynch Bart ⅞ of ½ Quarter</p><br>
<p>1667: Dr Robert Gorges</p><br>
<p>1855: Sir Thomas N. Redington</p><br>
<p>Current: the enclosed land and house plots are owned by a number of local mainland families</p><br>
<h2>Population - numbers</h2><br>
<p>Nothing quantifiable is known of the island&#39;s population prior to the 19th century. However, the quality of the land and the availability of natural resources (seaweed, shellfish etc.) in the inter-tidal zone suggest that the island is likely to have been an inhabited place from early medieval times if not well before. This is hinted at by the archaeological sources and confirmed by the historical data (see below).</p><br>
<p>The attached table presents details of the population and house data from the official government census returns, and Griffith&#39;s land valuation, between 1821 and 1981. The peak of 125 in the island population in 1841 reflects national trends as does the halving of the community in the following decade due to the Great Famine of 1845-49. Though the population recovered somewhat in the 1870s, it declined steadily in the later 19th and early 20th centuries. Though the closure of the school c.1901, was a major blow, the community remained viable until the eve of the 2nd World War. However, like many islands on the west coast, it went into terminal decline thereafter.</p><br>
<p>In Oileáin: A guide to the Irish Islands (2004), David Walsh states that Island Eddy was abandoned in 1947 but the census returns contradict this. In fact, two people still lived there until early December, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Population - families</h2><br>
<p>A number of family names are closely associated with the island over the past two hundred years. The principal families in the 19th and 20th centuries were the Berminghams, Conlons, Keanes and Hynes. The Corless family were also part of the community in the early 19th century and Fitzgeralds and Finnegans feature in the census records for 1901.</p><br>
<p>The earliest individuals recorded to date as being of Island Eddy, are Richard fitz James Skeret, Walter Perrell and Henry Perrell (presumably the latters son). They are mentioned in a deed of 1552 concerning the islands castle, Skeret being the owner and the Perrells being the occupiers. The historical sources indicate that the Perrells were associated with Island Eddy for at least four generations from the early 1500s to the 1640s.</p><br>
<p>A Facebook page entitled the Descendants of Island Eddy, Co. Galway was set up in autumn 2013 to remember these families, renew links between their descendants and celebrate the rich heritage of the island community. The page features a wealth of personal memories, genealogical information and an ever-growing set of marvellous photographs.</p><br>
<h2>History - glimpses</h2><br>
<p>The earliest documentary reference to the island (so far identified) dates from AD 1225. In his Irish Family History;...an historical and genealogical account of the Gaedhals, Richard Cronnelly refers to a raid on Hy-Fiachra by Murtogh OBrien and the English of Desmond in that year which left not a four-footed beast from Island-Eddy to Athenry, or from Tuam to Ectge.&#39;</p><br>
<p>The castle first emerges into history in a property deed drawn up in August 1552. Therein, one Richard fitz James Skeret and Walter and Henry Perrell renewed an earlier agreement dated March 1513 concerning property on Island Eddy. The renewal included ‘the house or parte of Castell that belongethe to Richard’. Whether the latter formed part of the earlier agreement is not made clear but the deed represents the earliest solid evidence for the castle’s existence.</p><br>
<p>In 1574, Iland Eddie castle was in the sole possession of Henry Parell</p><br>
<p>In 1585, during a commission of enquiry by the English authorities into the causes of feuding among the OFlahertys of Connemara, a number of witnesses attested that the chief OFlahertie had an anuall rent the some of 3s 4d oute of the Islands of Eddy.</p><br>
<p>In 1641, Illand Edye is listed as in the possession of Sr Roebuck Lynch Bart and Richard Oge Perroll. Of the 113 0 0 Acres profittable (Plantation Measure) on the island, the former held 99 acres, the latter 14.</p><br>
<p>The OS Name Books, compiled in the late 1830s as part of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, record the following regarding the island: Prop. Thos. Reddington, Esq., M.P., Kilcornan. Agent Mr. O’Flaherty, Inischill. This townland pays £200. Tenants at will. Soil light clay. Produce wheat and oats. There are 24 Tenants appearing very poor. Houses of stone. To the east of the island stands a village called Eddy.</p><br>
<p>A National School was established on the island in November 1877 by the Redington family of Clarinbridge, the islands landlords. According to the application to the National Schools Board for funding of same, the school comprised a single-roomed thatched building 20 ft long, 14 ft broad, 10 ft high with an earthen floor. The walls are plastered but the building was not ceiled. A total of 34 students were on the rolls in May 1879, of which 20 were male and 14 female. The first teacher was Kate Madden, aged 19 years. Approval for the payment of the teachers salary, and for books etc., was given in August 1879. The exact date of the closure of the school is unclear but a number of sources place it c.1901.</p><br>
<p>In 1926-7, the island community was involved in a dispute with local government over the perceived high rate of valuation of the land, resulting in a boycott of rates. Details of this are recorded in The Irish Times and in Dáil Questions Two interesting topographical points emerge from these sources - firstly the statement in the Dáil Questions that the islands valuation exceeds the valuation on the best lands in the county. The second point (in a report by Galway County Council) was that Eddy was not a true island&#39;</p><br>
<h2>Archaeologyscraps</h2><br>
<p>The most obvious piece of built heritage is the ruined house-cluster, or "village", at the east end of the island. On the 1st edition of the six-inch (1:10,560) scale OS map (1842), this comprised 41 roofed structures (houses and outbuildings) laid out on a rough E-W axis. However, by the time of the 1:2500 scale OS revision (1915–16) considerable changes are evident in the layout of the buildings. The total number of roofed structures is now 36, and the acreage details on the map indicate that they were divided into 7 parcels.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Castle mentioned in 1552 and 1574 (see above under historical snippets) has been located at the eastern end of the village. All that survives is a large stump of masonry in a boundary wall. When the castle was destroyed is unclear but it was still a landmark in the early 1820s when it was included in Alexander Nimmo&#39;s maritime survey of Galway Bay. However, it appears to have been reduced to a stump by the time the Ordnance surveyors arrived on the island in the late 1830s as they fail to show it on the OS six inches to the mile (1:10,560) map.</p><br>
<p>There is also a Childrens Burial Ground on the southern limits of the village. It contains one inscribed gravestone, erected in memory of Eliza Murphy Who died 8 April AD 1827 aged 17 Months&#39;. This is the subject of a paper in the 2010 issue of the Journal of the Galway Archaeological & Historical Society (JGAHS).</p><br>
<p>An impressive series of boat Nausts have been identified in the North Mallmhuir. A total of 15 definite and one possible nausts are ranged along 115m of shoreline on the south shore of this long narrow inlet. Associated with them are four jetties, numerous mooring posts and a series of ballast dumps. Known locally as cloches, they provided safe moorings for the island&#39;s fleet of punts, púcáns and bad mórs. A preliminary survey of the nausts was completed in Spring 2010, details of which have been published in Archaeology Ireland. The numbers, scale and layout of the nausts are unparalleled elsewhere in Ireland, making them a unique maritime heritage monument.</p><br>
<p>A series of numbered seaweed mearing stones exist on the intertidal zone of the South Malluir. Six have been identified in situ to date. Working from west to east they are numbered 23, 22, 21, 9, 10 and 11. A further three examples, all displaced, were identified during fieldwork in 2010 and 2011: these bear the numbers 5, 16 and 20. All the examples consist of long, roughly-dressed rectangular blocks of limestone. The numbers, most finely cut, are placed towards the end of one of the broad faces. They were used to demarcate the valuable seaweed rights and probably date from the late 18th century when the seaweed industry reached a peak. A learned paper on these stones has been published in the Journal of Irish Archaeology in 2013.</p><br>
<p>There is also placename evidence (cathair) suggesting the former presence of an enclosure of some kind in the central portion of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Artspieces</h2><br>
<p>The Celtic/folk/acoustic music group called Island Eddy based in Kinvara, Co Galway, took their name from the island.</p><br>
<p>Moya Cannons collection of poetry, Hands (2011), contains two finely wrought poems relating to Island Eddy - Nausts and Eliza Murphy. Both poems are grounded in the physical particularities of two of the islands most striking monuments, the boat Nausts on the shore of the North Mallmhuir and the Children&#39;s Burial Ground on the southern fringes of the village (See Archaeology section, above, for details).</p><br>
<h2>Geologyfragments</h2><br>
<p>According to the Geological Survey of Ireland, the islands bedrock consists of viséan limestone and calcareous shale&#39;</p><br>
<p>Very little bedrock is actually exposed on the ground surface, save at the western tip. The long, low, drumlin-like ridge which forms the heart of the island appears to be composed mainly of glacial drift which was probably laid down during the last ice age. The same is probably true of the two smaller hillocks to the east and west of it. In contrast, the sinuous isthmuses and spits which link them are composed of sea-sorted sand, shingles and cobbles. These are of post-glacial origin and it is clear that they are being continuously moulded by tidal currents.</p><br>
<h2>Floraclippings</h2><br>
<p>Island Eddy lies within area H15: South-east Galway, of the vice-county system for recording flora in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>A comprehensive field survey of the island&#39;s vegetation has been undertaken by Messrs. Roden and Sheehy Skeffington and is forthcoming in The Irish Naturalists Journal.</p><br>
<h2>Faunasnippets</h2><br>
<p>Sheep and Horse are grazed on the island fields.</p><br>
<p>Otter has been identified, and at least one holt located.</p><br>
<p>There also appear to be numerous rats, particularly along the south-facing shorelines.</p><br>
<p>A bat survey was conducted in the vicinity of the abandoned village on 21 June 2010, using a Pettersson D100 Heterodyne Bat Detector. A single Common Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) was detected foraging around the village but its roost was not located.</p><br>
<p>Hares are present but the exact size of the population is unknown. In the recent past they have been trapped and removed from the island for hare-coursing. This is done under government licence, a condition of which is that a similar number of hares are released back onto the island (weather permitting) after coursing has taken place.</p><br>
<p>A pair of young rabbits were sighted in June 2010.</p><br>
<h2>The Discursive Survey of Island Eddy</h2><br>
<p>The information presented above has been compiled by The Discursive Survey of Island Eddy, an interdisciplinary group set up in 2008 by Drs. Roden & Springer, then of Carrowgarrif. Membership of the group is open to all those who love Island Eddy and have an interest in researching and writing about it. Upwards of a dozen souls have participated to date, mainly local residents of the south Galway littoral with an interest and/or expertise in the natural and human sciences.</p><br>
<p>An introduction to the aspirations and approaches of the Survey can be found in the Autumn 2010 issue of Archaeology Ireland. The word discursive is employed in its dynamic sense of moving from topic to topic without order: rambling rather than its prosaic alternative rendering as proceeding coherently from topic to topic. The Survey has not received funding of any kind to date, being nurtured solely by the pleasure of investigating outdoor phenomena.</p><br>
<p>Research to date has been conducted on the following: Terrestrial Vegetation, the Castle, the Children&#39;s Burial Ground, the Nausts and the Seaweed Mearing Stones and these topics have inspired a number of artistic responses - see below for publication details.</p><br>
<p>The subject of maritime history is under active investigation (July 2015).</p><br>
<p>The following topics have been identified as worthy of investigation but await committed researchers: Lagoons, Vegetation & Ecology of the Salt Marshes, Cottage Garden Plants & Herbs, Terrestrial Fauna, Birds, Moths, Placenames, Social & Family History, the Architecture and Layout of the House Cluster, Ownership History, Poetry, Folklore, Poetry and Music.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Survey have presented results of their work individually in public lectures and collectively at a half-day symposium in Letterfrack, in October 2012, during Connemara Sea-Week.</p><br>
<h2>Publications</h2><br>
<p>Research results are being published as a series of Occasional Papers and Artistic Responses in diverse periodicals and books, and where all else fails, by the Discursive Survey itself as downloadable Topical Memoranda. A total of seven papers, two responses and one memorandum have been completed (July, 2015), though not all of them have yet appeared in print. They are as follows:</p><br>
<p>No. 1 - Occasional Paper: ‘The grave of Eliza Murphy on Island Eddy, Co. Galway: rubbing, description, poem, story.’ by P. Gosling, S. Springer, M. Cannon, J. Murphy. Journal of the Galway Archaeological & Historical Society, Vol. 62 (2010), p. 138-143.</p><br>
<p>No. 2 - Occasional Paper: Nausts, púcáns and mallúirs by P. Gosling, B. MacMahon and C. Roden. Archaeology Ireland, Vol. 24, no. 3 (Autumn 2010), p. 30-34.</p><br>
<p>No. 3 - Occasional Paper: The Discursive Survey of Island Eddy by C. Roden. Archaeology Ireland, Vol. 24, no. 3 (Autumn 2010), p. 34.</p><br>
<p>No. 4 - Artistic Response: Nausts by M. Cannon. From Hands, Carcanet Press, 2011, p. 29.</p><br>
<p>No. 5 - Artistic Response: Eliza Murphy by M. Cannon. From Hands, Carcanet Press, 2011, p. 30-1.</p><br>
<p>No. 6 - Topical Memorandum: The Ferns of Island Eddy.... by Dr N.E. Scott. Published by The Discursive Survey of Island Eddy, Galway, October 2012, one A4-sized page.</p><br>
<p>No. 7 - Occasional Paper: Numbered seaweed mearing stones on Island Eddy and the adjoining mainland at Carrowmore townland, Ballinacourty, Galway Bay by M. Sheehy Skeffington, N.E. Scott and P. Gosling. Journal of Irish Archaeology, Vol. 22 (2013), p. 93-109.</p><br>
<p>No. 8 - Occasional Paper: The Peat Deposits of Island Eddy, by F. Ahlbogg.</p><br>
<p>No. 9 - Occasional Paper: ‘The vascular plant fora of Island Eddy, Inner Galway Bay (H15)’, by C.M. Roden and M. Sheehy Skeffington. Forthcoming in The Irish Naturalists Journal, Vol. 34, Part 1 (2015).</p><br>
<p>No. 10 - Occasional Paper: The Castle on Island Eddy, Co. Galway, recounted: one stump, two documents, three charts, some lore and several fragments, by P.J. Gosling & M. Fitzpatrick. Forthcoming in Lost and Found III, edited by Joe Fenwick, Wordwell Books, Dublin.</p><br>
<p>Banni Grasslands Reserve or Banni grasslands form a belt of arid grassland ecosystem on the outer southern edge of the desert of the marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch in Kutch District, Gujarat State, India. They are known for rich wildlife and biodiversity and are spread across an area of 3,847 square kilometres. They are currently legally protected under the status as a protected or reserve forest in India. Though declared a protected forest more than half a century ago Gujarat state&#39;s forest department has recently proposed a special plan to restore and manage this ecosystem in the most efficient way. Wildlife Institute of India  has identified this grassland reserve as one of the last remaining habitats of the cheetah in India and a possible reintroduction site for the species.</p><br>
<p>The word ‘Banni’ comes from Hindi and Sanskrit word ‘banai’, meaning made. The land here was formed from the sediments that were deposited by the Indus and other rivers over thousands of years. Old villagers from this region say that before the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, the river Indus flowed right through banni and the local farmers reaped a rich harvest of crops like red rice and sindhi chookha etc., red rice was the staple diet of the people of the region and it was even recommended by medical practitioners as a &#39;light diet&#39; for ailing people. However, since the earthquake of 1819 the river Indus changed its course and now flows through Sindh in neighbouring country of Pakistan effectively turning this entire region arid.</p><br>
<p>Banni grassland is peculiar to the Rann of Kutch, it has some forty Sindhi speaking Maldhari (cattle breeders) hamlets, home to the Halaypotra, Hingora, Hingorja, Jat and Mutwa tribes</p><br>
<p>. It was first declared a "protected forest" in May 1955, using the nomenclature of the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Since then, the actual transfer of the land from the Revenue department to the Forest department has not been completed.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Vegetation in Banni is sparse and highly dependent on year-to-year variations in rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Banni is dominated by low-growing forbs and graminoids, many of which are halophiles (salt tolerant), as well scatted tree cover and scrub. The tree cover is primarily composed of Salvadora spp. and the invasive Prosopis juliflora. Dominant species include Cressa cretica, Cyperus spp., grasses in the genera Sporobolus, Dichanthium, and Aristida.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The grasslands are home to mammals such as the nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), chinkara (Gazella bennettii), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), wild boar (Sus scrofa), golden jackal (Canis aureus), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), caracal (Caracal caracal), Asiatic wildcat (Felis silvestris ornata) and desert fox (Vulpes vulpes pusilla) etc. among others. The last Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) population, which had become confined to nearby Little Rann of Kutch, has been increasing in numbers since 1976 and has recently started spilling over into adjoining areas including Greater Rann of Kutch, Banni and the adjoining villages of the neighbouring Indian state of Rajasthan.</p><br>
<p>Banni grasslands also have a rich diversity of avifauna, herpatofauna and invertebrates. During good rainfall years the seasonal water bodies of Banni form important staging grounds for thousands of flamingos, migratory cranes and also support large numbers of over 150 species of migratory and resident birds.</p><br>
<h3>Reintroduction of cheetah</h3><br>
<p>Banni Grasslands Reserve and Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, both in Kutch, have been classified by Wildlife Institute of India (WII) as the last remaining habitats of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in India and are proposed as some of the possible sites for the reintroduction of the species in India.</p><br>
<p>However, the plan has been on hold in 2012, after the discovery that Asiatic cheetahs are genetically different and have been diverged from the Southern African population (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Seasonal wetlands and abundance of waterbirds</h2><br>
<p>Monsoon rains each year form several marshy wetlands which dot the Banni grasslands and the areas adjacent to it, all being ephemeral or seasonal in nature. Some better-known examples are: Vekario-Dhand, Kheerjog, Vinzar varo Thathh, Hodko Thathh, Servo-Dhand, Bhagadio Thathh, Kar near Kirro, Kunjevari Thathh, Hanjtal, and Chari-Dhand – the biggest in size among all of them. In the local Kutchhi-Sindhi language there are four terms used for wetlands in Banni and across the border in Pakistan, they are Kar (smallest), Chhachh (bigger than Kar), Thathh (bigger than Chhach) and Dhand (the biggest of the wetlands). The area of each of these seasonal freshwater wetlands during any given year depends upon the amount of rainfall received during that year.</p><br>
<p>These wetlands are located on the flyway of palaearctic migratory birds and play a very important role as foraging, roosting, resting and staging grounds for millions of waders, waterfowl, cranes and other feathered migrants that visit the area from August and staying until March every year. Thousands of flamingos in their breeding plumage, common cranes (Grus grus) and other wetland birds including hundreds of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) and Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) among others can be spotted in the larger of these seasonal wetlands of the Banni.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest of these seasonal wetlands in the Banni is Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve which has been accorded special protected status as a protected or reserve forest to conserve its wildlife and visiting migratory birds.</p><br>
<h2>Overgrazing, recurring droughts and salinity ingress</h2><br>
<p>The Banni grasslands are under pressure due to man-made factors which are overgrazing, invasion by Prosopis juliflora, an exotic thorny tree, and natural factors which are recurring droughts and salinity ingress.</p><br>
<p>The main sources of income of Maldharis pastoralist communities such as the Halaypotra, Hingora, Hingorja, Jat, Ker, and Mutwa who live here with their livestock are sale of high quality ghee, milk, wool, animals and handicrafts. Due to several reasons, the traditional occupational pattern is changing from livestock breeding to livestock grazing.</p><br>
<p>The climate is arid with an average rainfall of only 315 mm per year between June and September. The number of days during which rain falls in a year usually does not exceed 4 or 5. Banni has almost no rivers or natural streams however, about 100 rivers and rivulets flowing northwards from the Kutch mainland drain into the grasslands of Banni along its southern boundary. This area near the boundary gets flooded during the rainy season mainly by the water brought by these rivers and local rainfall. It is this annual flooding and the old silt deposits that formed Banni, which were deposited here when the Indus River used to flow through the region until it changed its course due to the 1819 earthquake. This gave rise to what is often called Asia&#39;s finest natural grasslands.</p><br>
<p>This entire region of Kutch, Gujarat is however drought prone due to erratic monsoons with cattle breeding pastoralist tribes (Maldharis) living here having to move out with their livestock as the region turns into a desert in bad rainfall years.</p><br>
<h2>Invasive ganda bawal tree</h2><br>
<p>Prosopis juliflora, a non-native, thorny, shrubby species of mesquite locally known as ganda bawal, was planted in the area to help the Gujarat State forest department fight salinity ingress and barrenness in the Banni region of Kutch. A ban was placed on the tree&#39;s harvest in the 1980s, at which time it covered less than 10 per cent of the Banni grasslands. However, it quickly became an invasive species, occupying over 40 per cent of the land by the late 1990s. This worried the forest department, as P. juliflora is known for harming biodiversity and it was clear that it was destroying the grassland ecosystem, so the state government lifted the ban in early 2004, liberalising Prosopis cutting under Section 32 of the Indian Forest Act. The idea, on paper, had been to make charcoal from it and thus help improve the economic conditions of the people of Banni. This was aimed at containing the brazen spread of the wild weed, the decision however backfired with an equally mindless chopping for profit where often native trees were also cut down under the garb resulting in the crucial green cover in the region getting reduced to less than 10 per cent in 2004. In 2008, the Gujarat state government has re-imposed the ban on the cutting of ganda bawal in the Banni region of Kutch and a consensus has been reached on this at a joint meeting of the Forest department and Kutch legislators.</p><br>
<p>Mass cutting of ganda bawal trees and the air pollution from charcoal making has unexpectedly also vastly brought down the wild honey bee populations and has had a disastrous effect on wild bee honey collection, crop pollination and crop yields in the Kutch region. The number of dwarf bee hives in one square kilometre area has reduced to only 20–25 from the earlier 60–70 colonies in and around the Banni grasslands after the large scale tree felling. Local honey hunters (Koli community) who used to harvest about 300 tonnes of wild honey annually from Kutch after a blank for two years could only collect just 50 tonnes in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Chir Batti</h2><br>
<p>In dark nights an unexplained strange dancing light phenomena known locally as Chir Batti (Ghost lights) is known to occur here in the banni grasslands, its seasonal marshy wetlands and in the adjoining desert of the marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism development</h2><br>
<p>The Gujarat State government is developing Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve, along with the surrounding areas in and around the Banni grasslands in the district of Kutch, for ecotourism.</p><br>
<p>To boost tourism in the area a few of the local villages in Banni are being developed as village resorts, showcasing local arts, crafts, ancient architecture of Kutch and traditional Kutchi cuisine; these mini resorts are being run by the villagers themselves in collaboration with the formal tourism infrastructure. A 270 km stretch has also been specially created in the grasslands of the Banni for the Adani Desert Car Rally organised by Kutch Infrastructure Development Society.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife sanctuaries and reserves of Kutch</h2><br>
<p>From the city of Bhuj various ecologically rich and wildlife conservation areas of the Kutch / Kachchh district can be visited such as Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, Banni Grasslands Reserve and Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve etc..</p><br>
<p>The Intrabaetic Basin  is a discontinuous series of valleys in the Baetic System of Andalusia, Spain.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Intrabaetic Basin is a series of intermontane basins that separate the Penibaetic System to its south from the Subbaetic System to the north. These basins run more or less parallel to the Mediterranean coast. Together, these valleys constitute a route from western Andalusia and the valley of the Guadalquivir to the Spanish Levante, the eastern Mediterranean coastal region of Spain. From west to east, the basins of the Depression of Ronda, the Hoya of Antequera, the Depression of Granada, the Hoya of Guadix, the Hoya of Baza, the Hoya of Huéscar, and the Hoya of Lorca.</p><br>
<p>The valleys of the Intrabaetic Basin stand in contrast to the adjacent mountain ridges that define their collective border and the rocky spurs—formed of limestone, and yielding a dry, nearly treeless landscape—that separate them from one another in that they are formed of soft materials such as clays, silts and conglomerates. Soils are deep and suitable for agriculture, but the limiting factor to human activity is the scarcity of water.</p><br>
<p>The Intrabaetic Basin formed at the end Oligocene and beginning of the Miocene, as the Baetic ranges were being formed. It is believed that at that time the entire Baetic system was surrounded by water, and the basin formed a single, continuous valley, sometimes referred to as the Baetic Depression. Later, the spurs crossing the basin were raised up, turning it into a series of separate valleys.</p><br>
<p>The valleys of the Intrabaetic Basin are quite heterogeneous, although all are sedimentary basins. The Depression of Ronda, the westernmost of the valleys, falls fully within the Cordillera Penibética. The Hoya of Antequera is intimately related to the original Baetic Depression: it was a great gulf of the sea that separated the Sierra Morena from the Andalusian ranges. The Depression of Granada is intermediate between the Penibético and Subbético. Finally the Hoyas of Guadix, Baza and Huéscar are more related to the Subbético.</p><br>
<p>The Intrabaetic Basin provides a route for the Autovía A-92 that connects Seville to Almería, passing through Antequera, Granada, and Guadix. Its branch Autovía A-92N passes through Cúllar and Baza to Puerto Lumbreras, where it meets Autovía A-7, which, in turn continues to Murcia and the Spanish Levante.</p><br>
<p>Qaleh Bozi is a complex of caves sites located about 25 km south-southwest of Isfahan, Iran; northeast of Dizicheh and north of Nekouabad and Hassanabad villages. The sites include two rock shelters and a cave located at altitudes between 1,750 and above sea level. The caves are found on the southern face of a limestone mountain of lower Cretaceous age that rises to more than 500 m above the plain floor. From the cave entrance there is a commanding view of the plain below and of the Zaiandeh Rud River flowing about 2 km to the south and southeast.</p><br>
<p>Following the cave site&#39;s discovery three seasons of archaeological excavation have been undertaken there, the most recent in 2008. They discovered that the Qaleh Bozi caves attracted human groups due to proximity to freshwater in the form of a permanent river, good solar exposure in cold seasons, and the variety of landscape types (such as cliffs, slopes and plains), which promoted diversity of hunting game and plants.</p><br>
